Integumentary System & Special Senses

Question 1

Which epidermal layer is only found in thick skin?

Answer 1

Stratum lucidum

Question 2

When a patient experiences burns, at what burn degree do majority, if not all, of the skin functions become impaired?

Answer 2

Third to fourth-degree

References state that malfunction of skin properties starts at second-degree

Question 3

Differentiate Eccrine and Apocrine Glands

Answer 3

Eccrine - thermoregulation
Apocrine - secrete organic substances metabolized by bacteria

Eccrine - palms, soles, forehead; Apocrine - axillary, anogenital

Question 4

Hair Growth Sequence and Processes

Explain each of their processes

Answer 4

Anagen: growth, production
Catagen: transition, follicle apoptosis
Telogen: resting, no hair shaft growth
Exogen: shedding, losing 50-100 hairs/day

Question 5

Smooth muscle cells associated with each hair follicle that is associated with goosebumps

Answer 5

Arrector Pili

Question 6

Vasodilation or Vasoconstriction

What happens to the skin and its blood flow when exposed to warm and cold environments?

Answer 6

Warm: Vasodilation, increased blood flow, heat loss, sweating
Cold: Vasoconstriction, decreased blood flow, heat retention

Blood flow beneath the epidermis

Question 7

What are the layers of Dermis?

Answer 7

Papillary layer and Reticular layer

Question 8

Differentiate the Dermal layers

Answer 8

Papillary layer: superficial to epidermis, loose connective tissue, fingerprints
Reticular layer: collagen-rich elastic fibers, dense regular connective tissue, cleavage lines

Question 9

True or False

An incision made perpendicular or across cleavage lines will form less scar tissue and faster healing

Answer 9

False

Gaps formed = more scars & longer heal time

Question 10

Hair covering of the fetus during fifth to sixth month of development

Answer 10

Lanugo

Question 11

Terminal Hairs vs. Vellus Hairs

At birth, which type replaces the fetal hair covering on the head and on the rest of the body

Fetal Hair Covering is also asked in one of the flashcards

Answer 11

Terminal Hairs: head
Vellus Hairs: rest of the body

Question 12

What body region will the vellus hairs be replaced with terminal hairs, and at what period?

Answer 12

During Puberty / Pubic and Axillary Regions

Also occur in chest, face (beard), legs, and arms

Question 13

Epidermis: superficial to deep layer

Answer 13

Stratum corneum: dead cells
Stratum lucidum: thick skin, dead cells with keratohyalin
Stratum granulosum: flattened, dying cells
Stratum spinosum: keratinocytes sticked by desmosomes
Stratum basale: newly formed cells

Remember: Corns are lucky, but the grains are spinning at the basement

Question 14

True or False

Vitamin D is directly obtained by exposing to sunlight

Answer 14

False

UV Light activates precursor molecule to cholecalciferol (D3), which is then converted to calcitriol for calcium homeostasis

Question 15

It is where the nail fold grows into the nail body

Answer 15

Cuticle or Eponychium

Question 16

It is beneath the free edge of the nail body

Answer 16

Hyponychium

Question 17

Cranial nerves associated with the sense of taste

Answer 17

CN VII, CN IX, CN X

Facial Nerve, Glossopharyngeal Nerve, Vagus Nerve

Question 18

What type of papillae has no taste buds?

Answer 18

Filliform papilla

It only has tactile receptors

Question 19

Which extrinsic eye muscles do not share the same innervation?

Answer 19

Superior Oblique (CN IV)
Lateral Rectus (CN VI)

SO4-LR6-The Rest is 3

Question 19

Connection of middle ear and inner ear

Answer 19

Oval window

Question 20

What structures are at the vascular layer of the eye?

Answer 20

Choroid, Cilliary Body, and Iris

Question 21

Properties of Lens

Biconcave or Biconvex?
Vascular or Avascular?

Answer 21

Biconvex and Avascular

Question 22

Light Refraction

Compare and contrast the cornea and lens

Answer 22

The cornea has the most convergence activity, while the lens adjusts the convergence by changing shape

Question 23

Rods activate which type of vision?

Answer 23

Non-color, low light, night vision

Question 24

The discs of rods contain rhodopsin, which is composed of?

Answer 24

Opsin (protein, purple pigment) Retinal (Vit. A derivative)

Question 25

What happens to the vision when the optic chiasm is affected?

Answer 25

Blindness to the Temporal part of the Left and Right Visual Field | Bitemporal Hemianopia

Question 26

Which cranial nerves have both motor and sensory functions?

Answer 26

CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X | Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

Question 27

What do Merkel cells detect?

Answer 27

Light, touch, and pressure

Question 28

A layer of the epidermis that is filled with actively mitotic stem cells

Answer 28

Stratum basale

Question 29

How does the visual field project to the brain?

Answer 29

The right visual field projects to the left side of the brain (vice versa)

Question 30

Myopia should be corrected by which type of lenses?

Answer 30

Concave lens

Question 31

Hyperopia should be corrected by which type of lenses?

Answer 31

Convex lens

Question 32

A clear fluid in the inner ear that fills the membranous labyrinth

Answer 32

Endolymph

Question 33

A fluid in the inner ear that fills between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth

Answer 33

Perilymph

Question 34

# Endolymph or Perilymph In terms of Na+ and K+ concentration, what are their characteristics?

Answer 34

**Endolymph:** high K+ and low Na+ **Perilymph:** high Na+ low K+

Question 35

The utricle detects what kind of motion?

Answer 35

Horizontal movements (forward and backward) | The utricle is oriented parallel to the base of the skull

Question 36

The saccule detects what kind of motion

Answer 36

Vertical motions (up or down movement) | The saccule is oriented perpendicular to the base of the skull

Question 37

What is abundant in the fovea centralis?

Answer 37

Cones | As it detects light, color vision

Question 38

Which tastants activate the G protein-coupled receptors?

Answer 38

Sweet, Bitter, Glutamate (umami)

Question 39

Which tastants activate ion receptors?

Answer 39

Salt and Sour

Question 40

Glaucoma results due to what?

Answer 40

Pressure buildup caused by the aqueous humor

Question 41

What happens as the sound waves travel to the oval window?

Answer 41

It vibrates the perilymph, vestibular membrane, and endolymph, displacing the basilar membrane to detect sound. Vibrations in the perilymph then travels to the round window, which they are dampened.

Question 42

What happens when sound waves travel to the basilar membrane?

Answer 42

Bending stereocilia pulls gating springs, opening K+ channels, leading to depolarization and action potential generation.