Intelligence

Question 1

Define IQ

Answer 1

Intelligence Quotient = index of an individual’s intelligence score

Question 2

What are some advantages of a non-verbal IQ test?

Answer 2

Eliminates issues with language, verbal abilities, cultural differences

Question 3

Who reasoned that intelligence is a product of natural selection, thus must be genetically determined, and saw potential in theory of evolution for planned human betterment?

Answer 3

Francis Galton

Question 4

Who developed the 1st IQ test to measure student abilities for education purposes?

Answer 4

Binet and Simon

Question 5

What did Lewis Terman and Maud Merrill do?

Answer 5

Devised the Stanford-Binet Scale and studied a sample of “gifted” children

Question 6

What did Lewis Terman do?

Answer 6

Assigned soliders to tasks appropriate to their abilities during WW1

Question 7

Define eugenics

Answer 7

Promotes selective breeding to cultivate desirable characteristics

Question 8

What did Cyril Burt do?

Answer 8

Advised the British government to use aptitude tests to find whether children should go to Grammar schools

Question 9

What did Cyril Burt’s research on intelligence seem to suggest about occupational levels and social class?

Answer 9

They are determined by innate and hereditary levels of intelligence

Question 10

What are some issues with the history of intelligence?

Answer 10

Cultural bias (intelligence tests favour groups from more affluent backgrounds)

Question 11

What does WISC stand for?

Answer 11

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Question 12

What does WASI stand for?

Answer 12

Wechsler Adult Scale for intelligence

Question 13

Define genotype

Answer 13

Genetic makeup of an organisation

Question 14

Define phenotype

Answer 14

Observable physical properties of an organism (appearance, development and behaviour), & includes both genotype and environmental influences

Question 15

What can we measure, genotype or phenotype?

Answer 15

Phenotype

Question 16

What does looking at a degree of genetic relatedness involve?

Answer 16

Looking at people with various degrees of relatedness can give us an understanding of the genetic basis of a concept

Question 17

What is an Atheoretical definition of intelligence?

Answer 17

Intelligence is what IQ tests measure

Question 18

What do IQ tests highly correlate with?

Answer 18

With each other and with other measures e.g. academic performance

Question 19

Define generalised intelligence

Answer 19

Single construct that influences all cognitive functioning and is demonstrated through correlations of performances on different tests

Question 20

Define fluid intelligence

Answer 20

Cognitive functioning component not influenced by the environment, fixed throughout lifetime

Question 21

Define crystallised intelligence

Answer 21

Stored factual information, benefits from schooling can change throughout life span

Question 22

Which type of study is valuable to examine genetic characteristics? Give one limitation of this study

Answer 22

Twin studies- Hard to separate genetic and environmental factors

Question 23

What is degree of genetic relatedness?

Answer 23

Examining individuals with varying levels of shared genes can help us pick apart genetic influences

Question 24

What are some environmental factors?

Answer 24

Environment in the womb, family environment

Question 25

What did Elardo's research find out about the quality of the family environment on IQ?

Answer 25

Rating of family when child was aged 24 months correlated with IQ at 3 years

Question 26

What is the covariance between inheritance and environment?

Answer 26

Intelligent children tend to have intelligent parents who provide an enriched environment

Question 27

What does the transactional process involve?

Answer 27

Intelligent children provoke an intelligent response, feeding their development- it's not possible to specify which part of performance is due to heredity and environment

Question 28

In Benton and Robert's study on diet and IQ, what happened?

Answer 28

50% of the sample took a vitamin supplement every day for 3 months and the other 50% took a placebo

Question 29

What were the findings to Benton and Robert's study?

Answer 29

Children in the experimental group had a greater IQ increase compared to control- but this was only found in children with poor nutrition

Question 30

What were the results to Owen et al.'s research on cognitive training?

Answer 30

Pls became better at cognitive tasks they trained on, but these effects didn't transfer to other tests and to everyday cognition

Question 31

What is the confluence model?

Answer 31

First born children spend more time with intelligent adults and spend more time with children as they get more siblings

Question 32

What is the dilution model?

Answer 32

1st child spends more time with adults and gets more attention- as the number of siblings increases the time parents spend with each child decreases

Question 33

What is the Flynn effect?

Answer 33

IQ maybe 25 points higher for a test designed in the 30s- can't be evolutionary- improvements in education, nutrition and supportive parenting styles