Intelligence

Question 1

How is intelligence multifaceted?

Answer 1

It can be expressed in a number of domains

Question 2

How is intelligence functional?

Answer 2

1. Directed at solving problems,
2. Ability to adapt and shape environments and achieve various goals,
3. The capacity for goal directed behavior.

Question 3

How is intelligence culturally defined?

Answer 3

The application of skills and knowledge to learn that is valued by an individual or culture. This differs all over the world.

Question 4

What three central questions are central to understanding intelligence?

Answer 4

1. Intelligence is multifaceted
2. Intelligence is functional
3. Intelligence is culturally defined.

Question 5

What were the efforts of Galton (1822-1911)?

Answer 5

Was the first to design a measure to test intelligence. Was interested in the theory of evolution for intelligence.

Question 6

What were the efforts of Binet (1857-1911)?

Answer 6

Unlike Galton her believed the true measure of intelligence was an individuals performance on complex tasks of memory, judgement, and comprehension

Question 7

What did Binet and Simon develop?

Answer 7

Devised the mental age concept.

Question 8

What is MA?

Answer 8

Average age at which children achieve an actual score.

Question 9

On the Stanford-Binet (1916) scale, how is IQ calculated?

Answer 9

IQ = (MA/CA) x 100

Question 10

What were Wechsler’s contributions?

Answer 10

Attempted to remove biases associated with earlier intelligence tests.

Question 11

What does Wechsler’s scale measure?

Answer 11

Intelligence is measured on a number of sub-scales including.

a. Verbal intelligence
b. Non verbal intelligence

Question 12

What do Wechsler scales allow psychologists to identify?

Answer 12

Strengths and weaknesses within individuals.

Question 13

What did Wechsler apply his formula to?

Answer 13

A normal distribution curve to get away from the problem of MA loosing intelligence as time goes on.

Question 14

How is intellectual disability defined?

Answer 14

Significantly below average intellectual functioning.
IQ less that 70
Deficits in more than one domain.

Question 15

What are some of the causes of intellectual disability?

Answer 15

Possible genetic origin: Down Syndrome
May be biological in origin: Phenylketouria
May be environmental: Teratogens

Question 16

What is ‘giftedness’?

Answer 16

Associated with an IQ over 130.

Can reflect academic, social, musical, or athletic ability.

Question 17

What is creativity?

Answer 17

The ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way: moderately correlated with IQ

Question 18

How can creativity be measured?

Answer 18

Through divergent thinking tests. Respondents are asked to come up with multiple solutions to a problem.

Question 19

Is brain size related to intelligence?

Answer 19

No - Bigger is not better.

Question 20

What are three criticisms with IQ testing?

Answer 20

a) Lack of theoretical basis - No underlying construct was used to devise tests. Focus on Cognitive domains not measuring practical intelligence.
b) Possible cultural bias - Favors white, middles class education system
c) Question of validity - validity only has meaning in relation to a goal.

Question 21

What is Spearman’s approach

Answer 21

The psychometric approach: tries to identify groups of items in a test that correlate highly with each other to discover underlying skills or abilities.

Question 22

What are Spearman’s two factors in his two-factor theory?

Answer 22

1. General or g-factor

2. Specific or s-factor

Question 23

What is the drawback of factor analysis?

Answer 23

There are many ways to interpret the data.

Question 24

What is Gf-Gc theory? and How is it considered?

Answer 24

Distinguishes two general intelligence factors, fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Many consider the most robust.

Question 25

What is fluid intelligence?

Answer 25

Intellectual capabilities that have no specific content but are used in processing information and approaching novel problems. the ability to draw inferences, find analogies and recognize patterns.

Question 26

What is crystallized intelligence?

Answer 26

Refers to peoples store of knowledge, such as short term memory, long term memory, visual processing and auditory processing. Processing speed on simple tasks, decision speed and quantitative knowledge.

Question 27

How would a cognitive psychologist from the information processing approach define intelligence?

Answer 27

Examines the mental processes that underline intelligent behavior rather than quantify basic abilities. The "how" not just the "how much".

Question 28

What three variables does the information processing approach focus on?

Answer 28

1. Speed of processing - how rapidly someone can perform a mental task. 2. Knowledge base - amount of knowledge, how it is organized and accessibility for retrieval. 3. Ability to acquire and apply mental strategies - how to apply and use them

Question 29

Describe Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.

Answer 29

1. Experiential intelligence. 2. Contextual intelligence 3. Componential intelligence

Question 30

What is emotional intelligence?

Answer 30

The ability to read peoples emotions and use ones own emotional responses adaptively.

Question 31

What are the eight intelligences identified by Howard Gardener?

Answer 31

``` Musical Bodily / Kinesthetic Spatial Verbal / Linguistic Logical / Mathematical Intra-personal (self-understanding) Social ```

Question 32

According to Gardener, why do we have different intelligences?

Answer 32

Because they are linked to different areas of the brain. | Multiple neural modules.

Question 33

What are some risk factors in low child IQ?`

Answer 33

1. Maternal lack of education 2. Maternal mental illness 3. Minority status 4. Family size