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Psychology > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

Define intelligence by Lewis Terman

A

An ability to think on an abstract level is called intelligence

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2
Q

Define Intelligence by David Wechsler

A

Intelligence is the aggregate capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his envirnoment

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3
Q

main perspectives on intelligence

A
  1. Intelligence as a single, general ability
    Psychologists who believe in the unitary notion of intelligence explain that only functions of intelligence take different forms but it is the same ability. These are Alfred Binet, Lewis Terman, David Wechsler
  2. Intelligence as a set of multiple abilities
    Psychologists like E.L. Thorndike, Louis Thurstone, Charles Spearman, etc. came up with the notion that multiple abilities are involved in intelligence
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4
Q

Perspective of E.L Thorndike

A

He put forth three independent abilities that can be called intelligence
1. Abstract
2. Social
3. Concrete

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5
Q

Perspective of Louis Thurstone

A

Louis Thurstone proposed seven different abilities, each independent of the other that can be called intelligence.
1. Verbal Comprehension
2. Word Fluency
3. Spatial Visualisation
4. Associative memory
5. Number facility
6. Perceptual speed
7. Reasoning

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6
Q

Perspective of Charles Spearman

A

In 1927, Charles spearman, with the help of statistical tool called factory analysis, separated and identified two different types of intelligence.
1. General Factor (g)
2. Specific factors (s)
According to him, general factor is the minimum competence required to do daily work. Whereas specific factor includes abilities which are required to solve problems in specific areas

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7
Q

Theory of intelligence by Raymond Cattell and John Horn

A

Raymond Cattel and John Horn proposed a theory of intelligence explaining two types
1. Fluid
2. Crystallised
According to them, fluid intelligence is dependent on neurological development and is relatively free from influences of learning and experiences. Whereas crystallized intelligence is not dependent on one’s neurological development and it is function of one’ educational attainment, acquired experiences and stock of knowledge

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8
Q

History of intelligence testing pt 1

A

Paul Broca and sir francis galton were among the first scientists to think about measuring intelligence. In the mid 1880s, sir francis galton administered a series of tests measuring variables like head size, reaction time, visual accuracy, auditory threshold, breathing capacity, etc. he believed the larger the skull, the smarter the person. his tests did not prove useful

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9
Q

Intelligence testing in 1890s

A

In the early 1890s, raymond cattell used the term “ mental test” for the first time. he expanded on sir francis galton’s ideas by emphasizing that test administration should be standarized so that the results are comparable

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10
Q

First scale of intelligence

A

In 1905, Alfred bient published the first scale of intelligence in collaboration with theodore simon. it was called the binet-simon test. it included various components such as logical reasoning, finding rhyming words, naming objects, etc. it was revised in 1908 and 1911

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11
Q

Stanford binet test

A

In 1916, lewis termann from stanford uni reviswd the binet simon intelligence scale. he established new age norms and incresed the upper age limit of the scale. the new test was called the stanford binet test

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12
Q

when was the stanford binet test revised

A

1937, 1960, 1972, 1986 and 2004

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13
Q

Army alpha test

A

In 1917, robert yerks and his collegaues established army alpha and army beta intelligence tests, which were used to recruit soldiers in the war

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14
Q

army general classification test

A

in 1939, army general classification test was used to recruit soldiers in the second world war

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15
Q

weschler-bellevue intelligence scale

A

In 11939, david weschler published the weschler-bellevue intelligence test. it was revised in 1955 and named weschler adut intelligence scale. it was revised by karl pearson in 2008 for the latest edition. weschler also published weschler intelligence scale for children

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16
Q

father of intelligence test

A

alfred binet

17
Q

Mental age

A

The concept was introduced by alfred binet. Mental age can be defined as the age at which an individual can perform successfully on all the items on the test prepared for that age.

18
Q

Intelligence quotient

A

The concept of intelligence quotient was introduced by a german psychologist william stern in 1912 as a ratio of mental age over chronological age

19
Q

Types of intelligence tests

A

Based on methods of administration
1. Individual
2. Group
Based on material used
1. Verbal
2. Non-verbal

20
Q

Individual tests of intelligence

A

Intelligence tests that can be administered to a single individual at a time are called individual tests of intelligence.
Binet’s scale of intelligence, Weschler scale of intelligence, Arthur point scale, koh’s block design, dr bhatia’s performance test of intelligence are examples

21
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of individual tests of intelligence

A

ADVANTAGES
1. The test administrator can develop a rapport with the client.
2. They can get additional information about the client’s feelings, mood, emotions and expressions during testing.
3. More capable of measuring creative intelligence
DISADVANTAGES
1. Time consuming and expensive
2. Require a trained and skillful examiner to administer, score and interpret them

22
Q

Group tests of intelligence

A

Intelligence tests that can be administered to more than one individual at a time are called group tests of intelligence. they were devised to recruit soldiers during the first world war. mainly used for mass testing. Army Alpha test, Army Beta test, Ary general classification test, raven’s standard progressive matrices, etc are examples

23
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of group tests of intelligence

A

ADVANTAGES
1. Less time consuming and economical
2. Doesn’t need a skilled trainer to administer them as the role of the administrator is minimal
DISADVANTAGES
1. Much less opportunity to develop a rapport with the client, obtain co-operation and maintain interest
2. Less capable of measuring creative aspect of intelligence

24
Q

Verbal tests of intelligence

A

Intelligence tests that use language(words and numbers) to measure intelligence are called verbal tests of inteligence. The subjects need to respond verbally. Army Alpha Test, Weschler’s Adult Intelligence scale are examples

25
Q

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VERBAL TESTS OF INTELLIGENCE

A

ADVANTAGES
1. Useful to measure higher mental abilities
2. Can differentiate between people having average intelligence and people having above average intelligence
DISADVANTAGES
1. Cannot be given to people of different linguistic backgrounds
2. Culture bound

26
Q

NON VERBAL TESTS OF INTELLIGENCE

A

Intelligence tests that make use of pictures, designs, material objects, etc to measure intelligence are called non-verbal tests of intelligence. These are of two types
1. Performance tests
Koh’s block design test, alexander’s pass along test, merril palmer block building test. dr bhatia’s non-verbal test of intelligence
2. Paper-pencil tests
Raven’s standard progressive matrices, raven’s coloured progressive matrices

27
Q

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NON-VERBAL TESTS OF INTELLIGENCE

A

ADVANTAGES
1. Can be given to anyone of different linguistic background
2. Not culture bound
3. Performance tests are useful to measure intelligence of differently abled people
DISADVANTAGES
1. Cannot measure higher mental abilities
2. Cannot differentiate between average intelligence and above average intelligence

28
Q

Application of intelligence testing in various areas

A
  1. Effecttive schooling
    Based on IQ scores, teachers can classify students into intellectual categories and provide them with special instruactional courses better suited for their mental health
  2. Aids mental health personnel
    IQ scores help psychologists for diagnostic purposes and therapy
  3. Effective parenting
    On the basis of IQ scores, parents can provide children with appropriate educational resources
  4. Career counselling
    Students can choose the appropriate educational courses with the help of iq scores
  5. Vocational counselling
    Individuals can choose an appropraite career and achieve job satisfaction when they make a realistic decision based on iq scores
29
Q

Social intelligence def

A

Karl Albrecht defined social intelligence as the ability to get along well with others and to get others to co-operate with oneself

30
Q

Who came up with the term Social Intelligence

A

EL Thorndike of Columbia uni proposed the term social intellignce for the first time in 1920. Howard gardner included inter personal intelligence in his multiple intelligence theory

31
Q

Examples of toxic behaviours

A

Devaluing others, refusing cooperation with others, negative talking, discouraging others, etc

32
Q

Qualities of people having high social intelligence

A
  1. Resolve conflicts in a social context
  2. Good at interacting and understanding others
  3. Flexible in their approach while dealing with others
  4. Good speakers and good listeners
  5. Good at assessing emotions, moods, intentions of those around them
  6. Good at monitoring verbal and non-verbal expressions while interacting with others
  7. Enhance personal and professional relationship with others
  8. Understand social dynamics in an effective way
  9. Goal oriented, persistent and self-confident
  10. Successful negotiators
33
Q

Intro of emotional intellignce

A

John Mayer and Peter Salovey first used the term.
Daniel Goleman(1995) popularized the concept on a large scale

34
Q

Define emotional intelligence

A

John Mayer and Peter Salovey defined it as “the ability to monitor one’s own and others emotions, to discriminate among them and to use that information to guide one’s thinking and actions

35
Q

Ability based model of emotional intelligence

A
  1. Perceiving emotions
    Ability to identify and interpret emotions of self and others
  2. Using emotions
    Ability to use emotions to faciliatate various cognitive abilities such as thinking and problem solving
  3. Understanding emotions
    Understanding emotional language and comprehend relationships among various emotions
  4. Managing emotions
    Regulate emotions of self and others
36
Q

Artifical intelligence

A

It is enabling machines or the programs running those machines to think and learn through experience like human intelligence.
It is a field of study combinig the sciences of language, algorithms, computer science, psychology, philosophy

Psychology (6 decks)

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