Intelligence Led Policing Flashcards
(47 cards)
What was policing like in the 19th and 20th century?
- community orientated policing
- the primary role of crime prevention
- achieved through community contact and therefore ‘local knowledge’
What was policing like in the 1960S and during rapid change in society?
- new ways to commit crime (tech advancing)
- intro of radios to direct police response
- more crime, same/fewer resources
What was policing like in the mid-20th century when policing was reactive?
- rapid response, crime investigation, and crime-fighting became a model with collators managing intelligence
- intelligence police generated - stop, check, sightings, etc
What was policing like in the 1970s-1980s where there was the reactive crime investigation model?
- more detections = incentive not to commit as there’s a capture risk
- typically a BCU of 200 officers may have had 1 crime prevention officer
- crime increase meant Police weren’t detecting enough to make the argument that more detections = reduction
What was policing like in the 1980s?
- surveillance teams in forces - previously limited to RCS and serious crime (costly)
- forces began to develop intelligence use but in ‘silos’
- elitism
- no intelligence structure, no formality, open to corruption - Operation Countryman 1978-84
What was policing like in the 1980s where there was a re-invention of the wheel of community policing?
- need to re-connect with communities, police no longer talk with the public unless investigating crime
- did it work? research said it didn’t reduce crime
- other objectives may have been reached - partnership with community
- public involvement in policing
- police are still re-active, investigating everything
What was policing like in the 1990s where Problem Orientated Policing (POP) was introduced?
- community-based
- low-level issues
- recognition of the need for info to solve problems
- began to use data and analysis
What is P.O.P (Problem Orientated Policing) and why did it never really take off?
POP is about identifying/solving underlying problems with communities, rather than simply responding to just individual incidents. Where the police, communities, and local agencies work together to identify specific problems that cause incidents/tackle them together - Home Office
- approach saw the intro of analysts (limited) and P.O.P teams. Generated a working partnership
- focused on low-level issues
- reduction/prevention approach
What is the S.A.R.A. model?
Systematic model - common sense approach
1. Scanning
2. Analysis
3. Response
4. Assessment
What’s involved in the scanning process?
- Identifying recurring problems of concern to the public/police
- Identifying the consequences of the problem for the community/police
- Prioritizing those problems
- Developing broad goals
- Confirming problems exist
- Determining how frequently the problem occurs/how long it has been occurring
- Selecting problems for closer examination
What’s involved in the analysis process?
- Identifying/understanding events and conditions that precede/accompany the problem
- Identifying relevant data to be collected
- Researching what’s known about the problem type
- Taking inventory of how the problem is currently addressed and the strengths/limitations of the current response
- Narrowing the scope of the problem as specifically as possible
- Identifying a variety of resources that may be of assistance in developing a deeper understanding of the problem
- Developing a working hypothesis about why the problem is occurring
What’s involved in the response process?
- Brainstorming for new interventions
- Searching for what other communities with similar problems have done
- Choosing among alternative interventions
- Outlining response plan and identifying responsible parties
- Stating specific objectives for the response plan
- Carrying out planned activities
What’s involved in the assessment process?
- Determining whether the plan was implemented - process evaluation
- Collecting pre- and post-response qualitative/quantitative data
- Determining whether broad goals and specific objectives were attained
- Identifying any new strategies needed to carry out original plan
- Conducting ongoing assessments to ensure continued affectiveness
What was 1990’s P.O.P?
Problem-orientated policing has been instrumental in educating a generation of police leaders in the importance of analysis as a foundation for decision-making - Ratcliffe - Intelligence-Led Policing
What was the natural progression from P.O.P. to intelligence-led policing?
- Contains many key drivers from P.O.P. i.e. Deal with emerging problems rather than react later
- Contains elements of S.A.R.A
- Legislation/guidance during the 1990’s around intelligence (source) handling (Criminal Procedure & Investigations Act 1995, Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000)
Describe the evolution of the NIM
P.O.P
- Could be developed further
- Model for operation tactics emphasizing intelligence use
Kent Police change of policing style
- Moved resources away from reactive policing
- Promoted intelligence use and gathering
Developed into the National Intelligence Model (NIM)
- Broader outlook
- Tries to encompass all policing responsibilities
- Talks of ‘Policing Business’
Where are we now?
NIM - National Intelligence Model
- UK response to a more global wave of intelligence-led policing philosophy
What is the N.I.M?
Business model to ensure:
- Targeted policing led by the development of information/intelligence
- Used to prioritize issues/resource deployment
Paradigm in policing away from reactive methods of the past:
- Developed by N.C.I.S
- Adopted by ACPO in 2000
- Police Reform agenda
- Standard by 2004
How does N.I.M work?
Information flow between levels
- 3 levels
- 2&3 require additional specialist resources: Financial investigation, Communication analysis, Surveillance, TP/UC officers
- Specialist resources must be available to L1
What is NIM Level 1?
Deals with crime, incidents, and neighborhood priorities occurring at a local level. E.G. local level dwelling burglar.
What is NIM Level 2?
Deals with cross-border issues affecting more than one BCU, Neighbouring forces, or regional crime activity. E.G. Reciever of stolen goods operating across boundaries
What is NIM Level 3?
Deals with serious and organized crime which operates on a national/international scale. E.G. Organised crime group receiving property (cars) from L2 and exporting to Europe
What is intelligence?
‘Provides techniques for improving the basis of knowledge. As with other techniques, it can be a dangerous tool if its limitations aren’t recognized by those who seek to use it - Review of intelligence on weapons of mass destruction, House of Commons Paper 98 p14 2004
- Police work is impossible without info
- what, where, when, why, who, how
- Processing info creates intelligence and that intelligence creates knowledge but not necessarily all the knowledge that’s needed.
How is info processed?
Raw info in -> processing -> intelligence out -> creates knowledge §
