Interconnections between aquisition and retrieval

Question 1

what is long term memory

Answer 1

archieve about infor from past events and knowledge learned
works closely with WM
in general more recent memoire are more detailed
time is indefinite

Question 2

how do we show LT and ST memory is different

Answer 2

double dissociate
funcitoning STM but cannot form LTM
-clie wearing
-HM
-Mr G
poor STM but functinoing LTM
-KF

Question 3

what is context-depended learning

Answer 3

recall is dependednt on the state on is in during aquisition

Question 4

explain the Diving recall study (Baddeley and Godden) then other variations of this

Answer 4

study a list of words underwater vs land
this didnt change recall
what did change recall was if the recall context matched the learning context
so if studied underwater, recalled best underwater
also shown with noise vs without noise and feeling sad vs feeling happy

Question 5

what is context reinstatement

Answer 5

context changes how you think about the material you are learning
so re create the context present during learning = improved performance

Question 6

what was Fisher and Craik 1997 experiment for learning as preparation for retrieval

Answer 6

particiaptns told to learn second word in a word pair that were semanticlaly related or rhymed
during testing recieved a hint based on meaning or sound
matched learning with hint = best memoty
so both depth of processing shown (meaning better than sound) as meaning = more deep processing)
and context reinstatement shown

Question 7

what is encoding specificity

Answer 7

remebering something within a specific context

so when we aquire a memory we are storing not just the target materila but also connections that lead to that memory

Question 8

encoding specificity word remebering experiment

Answer 8

sentence presented
must remember last word from the sentence
penultimate word changed in diff groups
performance was better if the cue word given to help aid retrieval matched the measning of the penultimate word heard at study

Question 9

so how can we best improve our learning

Answer 9

elaborate
generate and test
organize
match learning and testing conditions
associate what you are learning to what you already knew
avoid the illusion of learning - familiarity does not mean compreehension
consolidation - sleep after studying
take breaks, dont cram - spacing effect

Question 10

why does the spacing effect occur

Answer 10

spacing effect = distributed practice

• difficult to maintain close attentino throughout a long study session
• studying after breaks gives feedback about what you already know

Question 11

what is a memory network

Answer 11

a theory of how the long term memory system represents and retrieves information

Question 12

what is spreading activation

Answer 12

activation travles from one node to another, via tha associative links
similar to neurons - input sums to reach a threshold causinf firing
nodes that have recently fired are warmed up and require less stimulation to fire again

Question 13

memory networks is a theory for…

Answer 13

a model for long term memory

is for explicit memory

Question 14

so by spreading activation why do hints help us

Answer 14

summative effect

Question 15

so by spreading activation why does context depending learning occur

Answer 15

again inputs are summative so add together leadnign to higher likelihood of activation

Question 16

semantic priming

Answer 16

faster response time in lexical decision tasks for semantically realted pairs of words vs inrelated words
experiment - 2 words presented have to say whether are real words or not
so response time is faster when semantic relationship (so both are related vs not as your network for that semantic context is already activated

Question 17

recall

Answer 17

generate item with or without a cue

requires search through memory

Question 18

recognition

Answer 18

decide if an item is the right one
does it match from the memory store
source memory vs familiarity

Question 19

what is source memory

Answer 19

specific memory of the event/ item
so recognise restuarant name as have a specific memory of it
if source memory available = similar to recall process

Question 20

source memory and familiarity are distinguishable…

Answer 20

neuroanatomically
activation in rhinal cortex during encoding predicts later feelings of familiarity and feeling of just know response
activation in hippocampus during encoding predicts a later cource memory and remeber response

Question 21

study set up for source memory vs familiarity

Answer 21

participant given words to study

participatns asked to judge whether a particular item was encountered or if they had a familiarity of it

Question 22

two types of long term memory

Answer 22

explicit / declarative - conscious

implicit / non-declarative - unconscious

Question 23

types of explicit memory

Answer 23

episodic - personal events / episodes

semantic - facts / knowledge

Question 24

which type of memory is easiest to test

Answer 24

explicit as can directly test

eg recall and recongition

Question 25

types of implicit memory

Answer 25

procedural priming - previous experiences change response without conscious awareness conditioning we have to test this indirectly

Question 26

define explicit memory

Answer 26

conscious recollection of event experiences and facts learned episodic and semantic subtype

Question 27

double dissociation in explicit memory

Answer 27

KC -damaged hippocampus -no episodic memory (cannot relive any events of his past) -semantic memory intact, can remeber general infor about the ast Italian woman -encephalitis (diffuse damage) -impaired semantic memory -episodic memory for past events was preserved

Question 28

mental time travel with different types of explicit memory

Answer 28

``` epiosodic = mental time travle, no guarantee of acuracy semantic = no mental time travel, general knowledge (so is testable for accuracy) ```

Question 29

evidence from brain imaging that retrieving episodic vs semantic memories

Answer 29

diff brain areas listen to audio diaries or personal events or semantic facts although there was overlap, significant difference were found in processing events vs facts

Question 30

aquiring knowledge may start as...

Answer 30

episodic but then fade to semantic

Question 31

semantic memory is enhanced if..

Answer 31

associated with episodic memory | -peronal semantic memory = semantic memory that has personal significance

Question 32

semantic memory can influence...

Answer 32

what we experience (episodic) by determining what we attend to

Question 33

define implicit memory

Answer 33

memory that unconsciously influences behaviour - repetition priming - procedural memory - classcial conditioning

Question 34

example of implicit memory experiment with words

Answer 34

rate words for how much we like them / how pleasant they are (100s of words) later lexical decision task - is this a word, some will have been on the first likeability list and others won't have will have faster response time for words you ahve seen on last list even if no memory of having rated the word

Question 35

repetition priming

Answer 35

presentation of one stimulus affects performance on that stimulus when it is presented again use indriect memory tests to test eg tulving presented words in unrelated context and then later fragments to be completed particpants completed many more primed words than new words

Question 36

graf et al repetition priming in amnesic patients with no functioning explicit memory what was the conclusion

Answer 36

had participants rate words based on likability amnesics (korsakoffs - no explicit memory), alcoholics and nonamnesics + nonalcoholics amnesics could not recall but showed equal implict memory in stem completition task demonstrates priming in absence of explicit memory does occur

Question 37

warrington and weuskrantz implicit memory experiment (non verbal)

Answer 37

korsakoffs syndrome patients showed fragmented pictures image would slowly build and participatn had to identify object 3 days of training korsakov patient = have to re explain task every day as no memory of oding task day before but each day made fewer errors - got better at the task so there was an implicit memory of doing the task before even though no explicit memory

Question 38

what is the propoganda effect

Answer 38

perfect and askew more liekly to rate statements read or hear before as being true later on the illusion of truth this occurs even in participants are told the first time ther hear them that the statements they are hearing is false so big implications for advertising implicit familiarity maintained (source memory must have faded as was told it wasn't true)

Question 39

what is procedural / skill memory

Answer 39

memory for actions no emmory for where on when learned perform procedures without beig consciously aware of how to do them

Question 40

can people who cannot form explicit memories still learn new skills / form procedural memories

Answer 40

yes they can | eg HM

Question 41

classical conditioning and implicit memory

Answer 41

pair neutral stimulus with a reflexive response | pavlov's dogs, little albert etc

Question 42

what is a source monitoring error

Answer 42

misidentifying a source of memory | also called source misattribution

Question 43

learning as preparation for retrieval

Answer 43

learning connects new material with existing emmory these retireval paths help us learn new material context dependent learning = dependent on the state one is in during aquisition = diving experiment

Question 44

what is a source memory

Answer 44

process of determing origins of our memories

Question 45

becoming famous overnight study

Answer 45

after 24hr some non-famous names were misidentified as famous explanation - some non-famous names were familiar and the particiaptns misattributed the source of the familiarity -failed to identify the source as the list read on the previous day

Question 46

where is source confusion really problematic

Answer 46

eyewitness may select someon from a photo lineup based only on familiarity and not on actual recall

Question 47

what is amnesia

Answer 47

a disruption of memory due to brain damage

Question 48

retrograde amnesia

Answer 48

loss of memory before disruption (soap opera style) | less common, tends to be integrated most recent memories most liekly to be damaged as not consolidated yet

Question 49

anteretrograde amnesia

Answer 49

inability to form new long term memories

Question 50

clive wearing amnesia

Answer 50

viral encephalities | unable to form new long trm memories

Question 51

Mr G from oliver sacks book

Answer 51

korsakoffs - often due to chronic alcoholism | unable to form new ltm

Question 52

HM

Answer 52

had hippocampus removed to prevent epileptic seizures - bilateral medial tempora lobe resection to treat epilepsy after unable to form new ltm stm/wm remained intact suggested hippocampus was vital for the formation of new ltm

Question 53

what hm could not do

Answer 53

no new episodic memories could not remember events 1-2 years before the surgery (retrograde) digit span ability did not improve with practice

Question 54

what hm could do`

Answer 54

normal sensory register and wm normal digit span abilities improved performance with practice on procedural memory tasks but jhe had no conscious memory of ever completing task before (was copy drawing a figure whilst looking in a mirror)

Question 55

what did we learn about the hippocampus from hm

Answer 55

it is vital for the creation of new explicit ltm, but not necessarily for the creation of new implicit memories or the recall of old explicit ltm

Question 56

pin in hand informal study

Answer 56

korsakoff syndrome patient when first shook hands with him hid a pin in his hand and spiked him later the patient could not explicitly remember the meeting but refused to shake his hand saying sometimes pins are hidden in people's hands

Question 57

implicit vs explicit memory results from double dissociation

Answer 57

impairment of explicit with preserved implicit (hm, clive wearing, WC1606) impairment of implicit with preserved explicit (SM046) sm = amygdala, explicit memory with no fear wc = hippocampus, fear with no explicit memory

Question 58

hebb and learning

Answer 58

learning and memory represented in the brain by physiological changes at the synapses

Question 59

long term potentiation

Answer 59

enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation structural changes and enhanced responding neurons that fire togther wire together

Question 60

where does memory occur in the brain

Answer 60

medial temporal lobe - hippocampus (HM) - perirhinal cortex - showed peririhinal cortex was more active during the encoding of words that were later remembered

Question 61

fragility of new memories

Answer 61

retrograde amnesia - loss of memory for events prior to the trauma antereterograde amnesia - cannot form new memories memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote events = graded retrograde amnesia

Question 62

consolidation

Answer 62

transform new memories from fragile state to more permament state. 2 levels synaptic consolidation occurs ar synapses, happens very rapidly systems consolidation involves gradual reorganization of circuits in the brain, takes 1-2 years

Question 63

standard model of consolidation and the brain

Answer 63

retrieval depends on hippocampus during consolidation, after consolidation hippocampus no longer needed reactivation - hippocampus replays neural activity associated with memory

Question 64

multiple trace hypothesis for consolidation

Answer 64

questions the assumption that the hippocampus is important only at the beginning of consolidatoin hippocampus has been shown to be activated during retrieval of both recent and remote memories

Question 65

are memories ever permament?

Answer 65

reactivation and reconsolidation evidence from research on animals -occurs under certain conditions -flashbulb memories? human memory as a work in progress -constantly being restructured and remodelled consolidation and PTSD (watch video)