Intercultural Comm Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
demographics
A
the characteristics of a population, classified by race, ethnicity, age, sex, and income.
2
Q
ethnocentrism
A
a tendency to think that your own culture is superior to other cultures.
3
Q
heterogeneous
A
differences in a group, culture, or population
4
Q
homogeneous
A
similarities in a group, culture, or population
5
Q
diversity
A
the quality of being different
6
Q
anglocentrism
A
using white cultural standards as the criteria for interpretations & judgements of behaviors & attitudes
7
Q
melting pot
A
a metaphor that assume that immigrants & cultural minorities will be assimilated into the U.S. majority culture, losing their original cultures
8
Q
nativistic
A
extremely patriotic, anti-immigrant
9
Q
multinational coporations
A
companies that have operations in 2 or more nations
10
Q
maquiladoras
A
assembly plants or factories established on the U.S.-Mexico border & mainly using Mexican labor.
11
Q
global village
A
a world in which communication technology unites people in remote parts of the world.
12
Q
diasporic groups
A
ethnic and/or national groups that are geographically dispersed throughout the world.
13
Q
identity management
A
the way individuals make sense of their multiple images concerning the sense of self in different social contexts
14
Q
cultural capital
A
certain bodies of cultural knowledge & cultural competencies
15
Q
colonialism
A
(1) the system by which groups with diverse languages, cultures, religions, and identities were united to form one state. (2) the system by which a country maintains power over other countries or groups of people trying to exploit them economically, politically, and culturally
16
Q
ethics
A
principles of conduct that help govern behaviors of individuals and groups
17
Q
dialogical approach
A
focuses on the importance of dialogue in developing and maintaining relationships between individuals and communities
18
Q
self-reflexity
A
a process of learning to understand oneself and one’s position in society
19
Q
cultural humility
A
being aware of one’s cultural limitations and taking an “other oriented approach” in intercultural encounters
20
Q
immigrants
A
people who come to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently
21
Q
worldview
A
underlying assumptions about the nature of reality and human behavior
22
Q
proxemics
A
the study of how people use personal space
23
Q
distance zones
A
the area, defined by physical space, within which people interact, according to Edward Halls theory of proxemics. The four distance zones for individuals are intimate, personal, social, and public
24
Q
cross-cultural training
A
training people to become familiar with other cultural norms and to improve their interactions with people of different domestic and international cultures
25
diversity training
training meant to facilitate intercultural communication among various gender, ethnic, and racial groups in the U.S.
26
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
the assumption that language shapes our ideas and guides our view of social reality.
27
intercultural competence
the ability to behave effectively and appropriately in interacting across cultures
28
interdisciplinary
integrating knowledge from different disciplines in conducting research and constructing theory
29
paradigm
a frame work that serves as the worldview of researchers. different paradigms assume different interpretations of reality, human behavior, culture, and communication
30
perception
the process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret external and internal stimuli to create their view of the world
31
social science approach
a study of intercultural communication based on the assumptions that there is a describable, external reality, human behaviors are predictable, and culture is a variable that can be measured. this approach aims to identify and explain cultural variations in communication and predict future communication
32
quantitative methods
research methods that use numerical indicators to capture and ascertain the relationships among variables. use survey and observations
33
variable
a concept that varies by existing in different types or different amounts. can be measured and operationalized
34
anxiety uncertainty management theory
the view that the reduction of anxiety and uncertainty plays an important role in successful intercultural communication
35
face negotiation theory
the view that cultural groups vary in preferences for conflict styles and face saving strategies
36
conversational constraints theory
the view that cultural groups vary in their fundamental concerns regarding how conversational messages should be constructed
37
communication accommodation theory
the view that individuals adjust their verbal communication to facilitate understanding
38
diffusion of innovations theory
the view that communication and relationships play important roles in how new ideas are adopted
39
individualistic
the tendency to emphasize individuals identities, beliefs, needs, goals, and views
40
collectivistic
the tendency to focus on the goals, needs, and views of the ingroup
41
translation equivalence
the linguistic sameness that is gained after translating and back-translating research materials several times using different translators
42
conceptual equivalence
the similarity of linguistic terms and meanings across cultures
43
interpretive approach
aims to understand and describe human behavior within specific cultural groups based on the assumption that human experience is subjective, human behavior is creative, and culture is created and maintained through communication
44
ethnography
examines the patterned interactions and significant symbols of specific cultural groups to identify the cultural norms that guide behaviors. field studies
45
qualitative methods
research method that attempts to capture people's own meaning for their everyday behaviors in specific contexts. observations and field studies
46
participant observation
investigators interact extensively with the cultural group being studied
47
rhetorical approach
interpret the meanings or persuasion used in texts or oral discourses in the contexts in which they occur
48
etic
the etic inquiry searches for universal generalizations across cultures from a distance
49
emic
the emic way of inquiry focuses on understanding communication patterns from inside a particular cultural community or context
50
critical approach
focuses more on macrocontexts, such as the political and social structures that influence communication
51
macrocontexts
political, social, and historical situations, backgrounds, and environments that influence communication
52
textual analysis
examination of cultural texts
53
post-colonialism
an intellectual, political, and cultural movements that calls for independence of colonized states and liberation from colonialist ways of thinking
54
hybrid identity
an identity that is consciously a mixture of different cultural identities and cultural traditions
55
social reproduction
the process of perpetuating cultural patterns
56
dialectical approach
integrates social science, interpretive, and critical approaches-- in understanding culture and communication.
57
processual
refers to how interaction happens rather than the outcome
58
dialectic
the complex paradoxical relationship between 2 opposite qualities or entities
59
culture
learned patterns of behaviors and attitudes shaped by a group of people
60
ethnography of communication
analyze verbal and nonverbal activities that have symbolic significance for the members of cultural groups to understand the rules and patterns followed by the group
61
symbolic significance
the importance or meaning that most members of a cultural group attach to communication activity
62
embodied ethnocentrism
feeling comfortable and familiar in the spaces, behaviors, and actions of others in our own cultural surroundings
63
communication
a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed. when someone attributes meaning to another person's words or actions
64
cultural values
the worldview of a cultural group and its set of deeply held beliefs
65
power distance
a cultural variability dimension that concerns the extent to which people accept an unequal distribution of power (low vs. high)
66
masculinity-feminity value
concerns the degree of being feminine--valuing fluid gender role, quality of life, service, relationships, and interdependence-- and the degree of being masculine--emphasizing distinctive gender roles, ambition, materialism, and interdependence
67
uncertainty avoidance
concerns the extent to which uncertainty, ambiguity, and deviant ideas and behaviors are avoided (low vs. high)
68
long term vs. short term orientation
reflects a cultural-group orientation toward virtue(long term) and truth(short term).
69
indulgence vs. restraint
indulgence emphasizes relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life. restraint emphasizes suppressing gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms
70
communication rules
a systematic pattern of behaviors that takes place on a regular basis within a cultural community
71
performative
acting or presenting oneself in a specific way so as to accomplish some goal
72
autoethnography
writers examines their own life experiences to discover broader cultural insights
73
political histories
written histories that focus on political events
74
intellectual histories
histories that focus on the development of ideas
75
social histories
focus on everyday life experiences of various groups in the past
76
absent history
any part of history that was not recorded or is missing
77
altered history
historical events are changed in order to serve particular ideological goals
78
family histories
histories of individual families that are typically passed down through oral stories
79
national history
a body of knowledge based on past events that influence a country's development
80
cultural-group histories
history of each cultural group within a nation
81
concentration camp
a place where governments have interned people from various religious or ethnic groups
82
modernist identity
the identity that is grounded in the Western tradition of scientific and political beliefs and assumptions
83
grand narrative
a unified history and view of mankind
84
apartheid
a policy that segregated people racially in South Africa
85
hidden histories
histories that are hidden from or forgotten by mainstream representations of past events
86
ethnic histories
the histories of ethnic groups
87
racial histories
histories of nonmainstream racial groups
88
gender histories
histories of how cultural conventions of men and women are created, maintained, and/or altered
89
sexual orientation histories
historical experiences of gays and lesbians
90
diaspora
massive migration often caused by war, famine, or persecution that results in the dispersal of a unified group
91
diasporic histories
histories of the ways in which international cultural groups were created through transnational migration, slavery, religious crusades, or other historical forces
92
colonial histories
histories that legitimate international invasions and annexations
93
contact hypothesis
the notion that better communication between groups is facilitated simply by putting people together in the same place and allowing them to interact
94
identity
the concept of who we are
95
individualized identity
sense of self as independent and self reliant
96
familial identity
sense of self as always connected to family and others
97
spiritual identity
identification with feelings of connectedness to others and higher meanings of life
98
avowal
the process by which an individual portrays himself or herself
99
ascribed
the process by which others attribute identities to an individual
100
core symbols
fundamental beliefs that are shared by the members of a cultural group
101
interpellation
the communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place people into a specific identity
102
minority identity
a sense of belonging to a nondominmant group
103
majority identity
a sense of belonging to a dominant group
104
gender identity
the identification with the cultural notions of masculinity and femininity and what it means to be a man or woman
105
cisgender
a person whose gender identity matches the biological sex
106
transgener
identification with a gender that does not match one's biological sex
107
sexual identity
one's identification with various categories of sexuality
108
age identity
the identification with the cultural conventions of how we should act, look, and behave according to our age
109
racial identity
identification with a particular racial group
110
ethnic identity
a sense of belonging to a particular group and knowing something about the shared experience of the group
111
hyphenated americans
americans who identity not only with being a U.S citizen but also being a member of an ethnic group
112
religious identity
a sense of belonging to a religious group
113
class identity
a sense of belonging to a group that shares similar economic, occupational, or social status
114
national identity
national citizenship
115
regional identity
identification with a specific geographic region of a nation
116
personal idenity
who we think we are and who others think we are
117
global nomads
people who grow up in many different cultural contexts
118
cultural brokers
individuals who act as bridges between cultures, facilitating cross-cultural interaction and conflict
119
stereotypes
widely held beliefs about a group of people
120
model minority
a stereotype that characterizes all asian and asian americans as hardworking and serious and so a "good" minority
121
prejudice
an attitude toward a cultural group based on little or no evidence
122
microaggression
subtle insults directed toward cultural groups often unconsciously
123
nominalist position
the view that perception is not shared by the particular language one speaks
124
relativist position
the view that the particular language individuals speak shapes their perception of reality and cultural patterns
125
language acquisition
the process of leaning language
126
qualified relativist position
a moderate view of the relationship between language and perception, sees language as a tool
127
high context communciation
much of the information is contained in the contexts and nonverbal cues rather than expressed
128
low context communication
much of the information is conveyed in words rather than nonverbal cues and context
129
communication style
the metamessage that contextualizes how listeners are expected to accept and interpret verbal messages
130
metamessage
the meaning of a message that tells others how they should respond to the content of our communication based on our relationship to them
131
co-cultural groups
nondominant cultural groups that exist in a national culture. ex african american
132
social positions
the places from which people speak that are socially constructed and thus embedded with assumptions about gender, race, class, age, social roles, sexuality, etc
133
interlanguage
a kind of communication that emerges when speakers of one language are speaking in another language. the native language's semantics, phonetics, and language styles often overlap
134
source text
the original language text of a translation
135
target text
the new language text into which the original language text is translated
136
equivalency
an issue in translation, the condition of being equal in meaning, value, quantity, etc
137
code switching
the phenomenon of changing languages, dialects, or even accents
138
language policies
laws or customs that determine when and where which language will be spoken
139
lingua franca
a commonly shared language that is used as a medium of communication between people of different languages
140
cultural space
the particular configuration of communication that constructs meanings of various places
141
relational messages
messages (verbal and nonverbal) that communicate how we feel about others
142
status
the relative position an individual holds in social or organizational settings
143
deception
the act of making someone believe what is not true
144
expectancy violations theory
when someone's nonverbal behavior violates our expectations
145
facial expressions
facial gestures that convey emotions and attitudes
146
contact cultures
cultural groups in which people tend to stand close together and touch frequently when they interact
147
noncontact cultures
cultural groups in which people tend to maintain more space and touch less
148
eye contact
a nonverbal code, eye gaze, that communicates meaning about respect and status
149
paralinguistics
the study of vocal behaviors include voice qualities and vocalization
150
voice qualities
the "music" of the human voice, including speed, pitch, rhythm, vocal range, and articulation
151
vocalizations
the sounds we utter that do not have the structure of language
152
chronemics
the concept of time and the rules that govern its use
153
monochronic
an orientation to time the assumes it is linear and is a commodity that can be lost or gained
154
polychronic
an orientation to time that sees it as circular and more holistic
155
discrimination
behaviors resulting from stereotypes or prejudice that causes some people to be denied equal participation or rights based on cultural group membership such as race
156
semiotics
the analysis of the nature of and relationship between signs
157
semiosis
the process of producing meaning
158
signs
the meanings that emerge from the combination if the signifiers (the culturally constructed arbitrary words and symbols that people use to refer to something else) and signified (anything that is expressed in arbitrary words or signifiers)
159
regionalism
loyalty to a particular region that hold significant cultural meaning
160
postmodern cultural spaces
places that are defined by cultural practices--languages spoken, identities enacted, rituals performed-- and how these changes as new people move in
161
migrant
an individual who leaves the primary culture context in which he or she was raised and moves to a new culture context
162
soujourners
people who move into new cultural contexts for a limited period of time and for a specific purpose
163
immigrants
people who come to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently
164
long term refugees
people who are forced to relocate permanently because of war, famine, and oppression
165
short term refugees
people who are forced for a short time to move from their country or region
166
assimilation
a cultural adaptation in which an individual gives up his or her own cultural heritage and adopts the mainstream cultural identity
167
separation
a cultural adaptation in which an individual retains his or her original culture while interacting minimally with other groups. separation may be initiated and enforced by the dominant society
168
segragation
the policy or practice of compelling groups to live apart from each other
169
integration
a cultural adaptation in which individuals maintain both their original culture and their daily interactions with other groups
170
cultural adaptation
a process by which individuals learn the rules and customs of new cultural contexts
171
uncertainty reduction
the process of lessening uncertainty in adapting to a new culture by seeking information
172
predictive uncertainty
a sense of uncertainty that stems from the inability to predict what someone will say or do
173
explanatory uncertainty
uncertainty that stems from the inability to explain why people behave as they do
174
flight approach
a strategy to cope with a new situation, being hesitant or withdrawn from the new environment
175
fight approach
a trial and error approach to coping with a new situation
176
social support
ties with other people that play a significant part in mediating psychological health over time
177
psychological health
the state of being emotionally comfortable in a cultural context
178
functional fitness
the ability to function in daily life in many different contexts
179
intercultural identity
identity based on two or more cultural frames of reference
180
U curve theory
a theory of cultural adaptation positing that migrants go through fairly predictable phases when adapting to a new cultural situation
181
culture shock
feelings of disorientation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar cues in the environment
182
W curve theory
suggests that soujourners experience another U curve upon returning home
183
phenomenological approach
seeks in-depth explanations of human experiences
184
liminality
the experience of being between two or more cultural positions
185
transnationalism
the activity of migrating across the borders of one or more nation states
186
multicultural identity
a sense of betweenness that develops as a result of frequent or multiple cultural border crossings
187
popular culture
new name for low culture, referring to those cultural products that most people share and know about
188
folk culture
traditional and nonmainstream cultural activities that are not financially driven
189
culture industries
industries that produce and sell popular culture as commodities
190
cultural texts
popular cultural messages
191
encoding
the process of creating a message for others to understand
192
decoding
the process of interpreting a message
193
reader profiles
portrayals of readership demographics prepared by magazines
194
media imperialism
domination or control through media
195
electric colonialism
domination or exploitation utilizing technological forms
196
cultural imperialism
domination trough the spread of cultural products
