Internal/External Brain Anatomy

Question 1

What comprises the forebrain?

Answer 1

The telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 2

What comprises the hindbrain?

Answer 2

The cerebellum, pons, and medulla.

Question 3

What comprises the brainstem?

Answer 3

The midbrain, pons, and medulla.

Question 4

What is the septum pellucidum?

Answer 4

A membrane separating the two lateral ventricles.

Question 5

What are the parts of each paired lateral ventricle?

Answer 5

There is an anterior horn, the body, a posterior horn, and an inferior horn.

Question 6

What does the telencephalon comprise?

Answer 6

The cerebral hemispheres (cortex, inner white matter, and basal ganglia).

Question 7

What does the diencephalon comprise?

Answer 7

The thalamus and hypothalamus.

Question 8

What does the mesencephalon comprise?

Answer 8

The midbrain.

Question 9

What does the metencephalon comprise?

Answer 9

The cerebellum and pons.

Question 10

What does the mylencephalon comprise?

Answer 10

The medulla.

Question 11

What are the five cerebral lobes?

Answer 11

The frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and limbic lobes.

Question 12

What is the limbic lobe?

Answer 12

A deep cortex lobe that encircles the diencephalon (limbic = wrap around).

Question 13

What does the central sulcus separate?

Answer 13

The frontal from the parietal lobes.

Question 14

What does the lateral sulcus separate?

Answer 14

The temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.

Question 15

What does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate?

Answer 15

The parietal lobe from the occipital.

Question 16

What does the cingulate sulcus separate?

Answer 16

It separates the limbic lobe.

Question 17

What is the insula?

Answer 17

An area of cortex found deep within the lateral sulcus.

Question 18

What are the areas around the insula called?

Answer 18

Regions of lobes surrounding the insula are called opercula.

Question 19

What part of the cortex does the primary motor cortex comprise?

Answer 19

Most of the precentral gyrus.

Question 20

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

Answer 20

It is the origin of descending motor pathways.

Question 21

What parts of the cortex does the premotor cortex comprise?

Answer 21

It comprises the posterior regions of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri.

Question 22

What is the function of the premotor cortex?

Answer 22

Planning and interpreting voluntary movement as well as eye movement.

Question 23

What parts of the cortex does the prefrontal cortex comprise?

Answer 23

The remaining anterior frontal lobe (posterior is premotor cortex).

Question 24

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 24

Executive functions such as personality, insight, and planning.

Question 25

What parts of the cortex does Broca's area comprise?

Answer 25

The opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal sulcus. Usually presents only on one side (usually the left).

Question 26

What is the function of Broca's area?

Answer 26

It controls the motor aspects of language.

Question 27

What does the frontal lobe account for?

Answer 27

Motor functions (consists of the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and Broca's area).

Question 28

What does the parietal lobe account for?

Answer 28

Somatosensory areas (primary somatosensory cortex).

Question 29

What part of the cortex does the primary somatosensory cortex comprise?

Answer 29

The post-central gyrus.

Question 30

What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 30

Initial processing of tactile, proprioceptive info, and sensory localization.

Question 31

What does the inferior parietal lobule comprise?

Answer 31

It includes the supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus. Also includes part of Wernicke's area.

Question 32

What is the superior parietal lobule involved in?

Answer 32

Spatial orientation and guiding movement.

Question 33

What does the temporal lobe account for?

Answer 33

Auditory areas (primary auditory cortex and Wernicke's area).

Question 34

What parts of the cortex does the primary auditory cortex comprise?

Answer 34

Part of the superior temporal gyrus.

Question 35

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 35

It is the initial processing of auditory information.

Question 36

What part of the cortex does Wernicke's area comprise?

Answer 36

The posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus.

Question 37

What is the function of Wernicke's area?

Answer 37

It is involved in language comprehension.

Question 38

What does the occipital lobe account for?

Answer 38

Visual areas (primary visual cortex and visual association cortex).

Question 39

Where is the primary visual cortex found?

Answer 39

Within the calcarine sulcus.

Question 40

What are the deep structures of the brain?

Answer 40

White matter tracts, basal nuclei, and structures of the limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala, and limbic lobe).

Question 41

What are the three kinds of white matter tracts?

Answer 41

Association fibers, commissural fibers, and projection fibers.

Question 42

What do association tracts do?

Answer 42

Connect regions on one side of the brain/connect lobes.

Question 43

What are the association tracts?

Answer 43

The superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, and cingulum.

Question 44

What does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

Answer 44

The frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.

Question 45

What is the sub-division of the superior longitudinal fasciculus?

Answer 45

The arcuate fasciculus.

Question 46

What does the arcuate fasciculus connect?

Answer 46

The frontal to temporal lobe (connects Broca's area to Wernicke's area and the auditory cortex).

Question 47

What does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

Answer 47

The occipital and temporal lobes.

Question 48

What does the ucinate fasciculus connect?

Answer 48

The frontal and temporal lobes.

Question 49

Where is the ucinate fasciculus located?

Answer 49

Deep to the anterior border of the insula.

Question 50

What does the cingulum connect?

Answer 50

Structures of the limbic system (subcallosal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and uncus).

Question 51

What do the commissural tracts do?

Answer 51

Cross the midline and connect homologous areas of the cortex between the two cerebral hemispheres.

Question 52

What are the commissural tracts?

Answer 52

The corpus callosum, anterior commissure, and posterior commissure.

Question 53

What does the anterior commissure connect?

Answer 53

The temporal lobes.

Question 54

What does the posterior commissure connect?

Answer 54

The posterior midbrain.

Question 55

What do the projection tracts do?

Answer 55

Connect regions of the cortex to the brainstem.

Question 56

What are the three projection tracts? (all continuous with each other from the cortex to brainstem).

Answer 56

The corona radiata (tracts from cerebral lobes, converge on the internal capsule), internal capsule, and crus cerebri (white matter of the cerebral peduncles).

Question 57

What are the three parts of the internal capsule?

Answer 57

The anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb.

Question 58

What are the basal nuclei of the forebrain?

Answer 58

The putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens.

Question 59

What is the nucleus accumbens?

Answer 59

The fused region of the putamen and putamen).

Question 60

What is the basal nuclei of the diencephalon?

Answer 60

The subthalamic nucleus.

Question 61

What is the basal ganglia of the midbrain?

Answer 61

The substantia nigra.

Question 62

What is the striatum?

Answer 62

The caudate and putamen together.

Question 63

What is the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 63

The putamen and globus pallidus.

Question 64

What separates the caudate and putamen?

Answer 64

The anterior limb of the internal capsule.

Question 65

What separates the globus pallidus anf the thalamus?

Answer 65

The posterior limb of the internal capsule.