Internal Regulation

Question 1

What three factors are important for the chemical reactions necessary for life?

Answer 1

Temperature
Concentration of solutes
Energy

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

The biological process to keep variables of the body in a fixed range

Sensory transduction and signaling changes outside of the optimal range

Integrated response to restore to optimal range (negative feedback)

Question 3

Set point

Answer 3

A body variable that requires a narrow range to maintain homeostasis

Question 4

Hypothalamus plays a role in regulating what?

Answer 4

temperature
fluid balance
energy reserves

Question 5

visceromotor hypothalamic response

Answer 5

fast physiological adjusting the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic outputs of the ANS

Question 6

humoral hypothalamic response

Answer 6

slow hormone release

Question 7

behavioral hypothalamic response

Answer 7

motivating appropriate behaviors

Question 8

What nucleus initiate the autonomic and endocrine responses?

Answer 8

paraventricular

Question 9

What part of the PVN controls the ANS?

Answer 9

Doral and ventral PVN cells

Question 10

What part of the PVN releases hormones that affect the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 10

medial parvocelluar cells

Question 11

What part of the PVN releases hormones directly from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 11

Magnocellular cells

Question 12

What motivates the somatic motor response?

Answer 12

lateral hypothalamus

Question 13

What are the two main output neurons of the lateral hypothalamus and where do they go?

Answer 13

orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone

both cell types project widely and can go to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (where motor plans are formed)

Question 14

Two types of ANS and function

Answer 14

Sympathetic: fight or flight

Parasympathetic: rest and digest

Question 15

What regulates the endocrine glands?

Answer 15

via the pituitary, the hypothalamus

Question 16

Anterior pituitary function

Answer 16

secretes and synthesizes hormones based on the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

Question 17

posterior pituitary function

Answer 17

stores and secretes but does not synthesize hormones

Question 18

Autonomic temperature responses

Answer 18

Sweat
+/- blood flow to the skin

Question 19

Endocrine tempertature response

Answer 19

+/- metabolism

Question 20

Which nuclei of the hypothalamus control temperature?

Answer 20

medial pre optic and anterior nuclei

Question 21

Which nucleus manages the autonomic and endocrine temperature responses?

Answer 21

paraventricular nuclei

Question 22

Where are temperature behavioral responses initiated?

Answer 22

lateral hypothalamus

Question 23

Where is shivering initiated?

Answer 23

dorsomedial nucleus

Question 24

Osmotic thirst

Answer 24

Increased concentrations of solutes

Question 25

Hypovolemic thirst

Answer 25

Decreased fluid volume

Question 26

How does salt affect hydration?

Answer 26

Sodium flusges the area outside the cell, drawing water out of the cell, and the cells shrink.

Question 27

What parts detect water loss?

Answer 27

organum vasulosum and subfornical organ

Question 28

What do osmoreceptors activate?

Answer 28

Endocrine: paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei (conserve water) Lateral hypothalamic area (desire to drink)

Question 29

What controls blood pressure?

Answer 29

Baroreceptors in the walls of blood vessels Excited by stretch and inhibited by relaxation

Question 30

How does low blood pressure make you thirsty?

Answer 30

Hypovelimia = less baroreceptor activity Stimulates the medulla to activate various nuclei of the hypothalamus

Question 31

Glucose is stored where as glycogen

Answer 31

Liver and skeletal muscles

Question 32

Glucose is stored where as triglycerides

Answer 32

Fat

Question 33

Lipostatic hypothesis

Answer 33

The brain monitors the amount of fat of fights against changes in these levels

Question 34

What chemical does fat release to communicate to the brain?

Answer 34

Leptin

Question 35

Which hormone stimulates hunger from the stomach?

Answer 35

Gherlin

Question 36

Which nerve manages satiety?

Answer 36

Digestion

Question 37

Which hormone manages satiety in the intestines?

Answer 37

cholecystokinin

Question 38

Which hormones manages hunger/satiety in the blood?

Answer 38

Insulin

Question 39

Lateral hypothalamic system

Answer 39

lesions cause severely reduced appetite and reduced fat stores

Question 40

Ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome

Answer 40

lesions in the arcuate nucleus cause severe overeating and weight gain

Question 41

Energy needs are sensed by what nucleus

Answer 41

arcuate

Question 42

Which nuclei effect energy?

Answer 42

Paraventricular and lateral hypothalamic

Question 43

Nigrostriatal pathway for dopamine

Answer 43

substantia nigra to the stratum for motor selection

Question 44

mesocorticolimbic pathway for dopamine

Answer 44

ventral tegmental area to cortex and limbic sites for reward and addiction

Question 45

Why can you crave and not be hungry?

Answer 45

the ventral segmental area is affected by lateral hypothalamic area (hunger signals) and dorsal prefrontal cortex (positive outcomes) and can talk back and forth with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -- can incite feeding behavior without hunger

Question 46

Which amino acid is needed for serotonin?

Answer 46

tryptophan, which vary with the amount of carbs in our diet