Internal Transport System in Animals

Question 1

The circulatory system is responsible for delivering essential nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, to different tissues and organs in the body

Answer 1

Transport of nutrients and oxygen

Question 2

Circulation helps eliminate waste products generated during cellular metabolism, such as carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste. These waste products are transported to the organs responsible for their excretion, like the lungs and kidneys.

Answer 2

Removal of waste products

Question 3

The circulatory system is involved in maintaining the body’s temperature homeostasis. When body temperature rises, blood vessels dilate, promoting heat loss through the skin. Conversely, when the body is too cold, blood vessels constrict to reduce
heat loss.

Answer 3

Regulation of body temperature

Question 4

Hormones produced by endocrine glands are released into the bloodstream, allowing them to reach their target organs and regulate various physiological processes.

Answer 4

Distribution of hormones

Question 5

The blood vessels carry white blood cells, which are essential
components of the immune system. These cells help protect the body by identifying and
eliminating harmful microorganisms or foreign substances.

Answer 5

Defense against pathogens

Question 6

A vital muscular organ that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is surrounded and protected by a double layered membrane called the pericardium.

Answer 6

The heart

Question 7

They receive deoxygenated blood from the body and oxygenated
blood from the lungs, respectively.

Answer 7

The right atrium and the left atrium

Question 8

It helps to hold the heart in place and prevent
it from overexpanding or moving too much. It also acts as
a lubricant to minimize friction between the heart and
other nearby organs.

Answer 8

Pericardium

Question 9

These are the upper chambers of the heart. There are two atria – the left
atrium and the right atrium. Atria receive blood returning to the heart from the body or lungs. The left
atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, while the right atrium receives deoxygenated
blood from the body

Answer 9

Atria (singular: atrium)

Question 10

These are the lower chambers of the heart – the left ventricle and the right ventricle.
Ventricles pump blood out of the heart to the rest of the body or to the lungs. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body, and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the
lungs.

Answer 10

Ventricles

Question 11

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

Answer 11

-Tricuspid Valve: Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, it prevents the backflow
of blood from the ventricle to the atrium.

• Bicuspid or Mitral Valve: Positioned between the left atrium and the left ventricle, it prevents the
  backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium.

Question 12

Semilunar Valves

Answer 12

• Pulmonary Valve: Found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, it ensures that blood flows only from the ventricle to the pulmonary artery, preventing backflow.
• Aortic Valve: Positioned between the left ventricle and the aorta, it allows blood to flow from the ventricle to the aorta while preventing backflow.

Question 13

Blood vessels

Answer 13

Arteries, veins, and capillaries are three
types of blood vessels in the circulatory system,
and each plays a distinct role in the transportation
of blood throughout the body.

Question 14

They carry oxygenated blood away from
the heart to various parts of the body.
They have thick, muscular walls that allow them to
withstand the high pressure generated by the
heart during systole (contraction). They branch
into smaller arteries and eventually into arterioles
as they reach different tissues.

Answer 14

Arteries

Question 15

They transport deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.
They have thinner walls compared to arteries and contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
The blood pressure in veins is lower than in arteries. Veins merge into larger veins and eventually into
the superior and inferior vena cava, which return blood to the heart.

Answer 15

Veins

Question 16

They facilitate the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the
blood and tissues. They are tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. Their walls
are only one cell layer thick, allowing for efficient exchange of substances like oxygen and nutrients
with surrounding cells. Capillaries are where the actual exchange between blood and tissues takes
place.

Answer 16

Capillaries

Question 17

Circulatory System in Fish

Answer 17

The single-loop circulatory system in fish is a
specialized circulatory arrangement that consists of a
single pathway through which blood travels. This system is
well-adapted to meet the unique physiological demands
of fish, especially those living in aquatic environments. The
primary components of the single-loop circulatory system
in fish include the heart, gills, and systemic circulation.

Components and Functionality:
* Heart
* Fish have a two-chambered heart, consisting of a
single atrium and a single ventricle.
* Deoxygenated blood from the body flows into the
atrium.
* When the atrium contracts, it pumps blood into the ventricle.

Question 18

• Gills are the respiratory organs in fish responsible for extracting oxygen from water.
• Deoxygenated blood from the ventricle is pumped to the gills for oxygenation.
• Oxygen is obtained from the water, and carbon dioxide is released.

Answer 18

Gills

Question 19

• Oxygenated blood from the gills is then pumped directly to the rest of the body tissues through the
  systemic circulation.
• There is no separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart. Instead, blood is
  mixed in the single ventricle before being pumped out to the body.

Answer 19

Systemic Circulation

Question 20

The single-loop system is well-suited for the relatively constant and buoyant medium of water.
- It allows for a continuous flow of blood, promoting efficient oxygen uptake from the gills

Answer 20

Efficiency in Aquatic Environments

Question 21

• The system minimizes energy expenditure because the heart pumps blood in a single circuit.
• There is no need for the heart to pump blood to separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, as seen
  in more complex circulatory systems

Answer 21

Energy Conservation

Question 22

• Fish can adjust their circulation based on oxygen availability in the water.
• During periods of increased activity or lower oxygen levels, fish can increase the rate of blood flow
  to the gills.

The single-loop circulatory system in fish is an evolutionary adaptation that optimizes oxygen
uptake in aquatic environments. It efficiently meets the metabolic demands of fish, allowing them to
thrive in various water conditions.

Answer 22

Adaptation to Oxygen Availability

Question 23

Their blood flows within a network of blood vessels. The main
organs involved in this system are the heart, blood vessels, and
blood cells

Answer 23

Closed circulatory system of Frogs

Question 24

Frog’s s three-chambered, consisting of two
atria and a single ventricle.

Answer 24

Amphibian heart

Question 24

Allows gas exchange to occur through the skin. This plays a significant role in the circulatory system of amphibians, as some oxygen is absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the skin. However, this method of respiration alone is insufficient for large amphibians or during periods of increased activity, requiring them to supplement it with pulmonary respiration using their lungs.

Answer 24

Cutaneous respiration

Question 24

Responsible for the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout their bodies. It plays a crucial role in their overall physiological function, including respiration, metabolism, and thermoregulation.

Answer 24

The circulatory system in birds

Question 25

The four Chambered Heart

Answer 25

Birds and Mammals

Question 26

The mammalian heart has a clear separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.

Answer 26

Separation of Oxygenated and Deoxygenated Blood

Question 27

Circulation in invertebrates can vary greatly depending on the specific group of organisms. In general, invertebrates lack a true circulatory system like that found in vertebrates, but instead rely on alternative mechanisms for the distribution of nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste products. Some invertebrates, such as sponges, lack a circulatory system altogether. They obtain their nutrients and oxygen through diffusion across their bodies from the water around them. Waste products are also eliminated by diffusion.

Answer 27

Circulation in Invertebrates

Question 28

Have a simple flatworm-like or tubular digestive system that allows for the distribution of nutrients throughout their bodies. Similarly, gases and waste products can diffuse across their thin body walls.

Answer 28

Other invertebrates, such as flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) and some small aquatic invertebrates

Question 29

Tubular circulatory system called an open circulatory system. In this system, a fluid called hemolymph circulates throughout the body cavity, bathing the organs directly. This hemolymph, which is analogous to blood in vertebrates, is pumped by a muscular heart or a series of hearts called ostia. The hemolymph transports nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste products, but it does not carry oxygen as efficiently as vertebrate blood due to the lack of specialized respiratory pigments like hemoglobin.

Answer 29

In some more complex invertebrates, like arthropods (e.g., insects, spiders, crustaceans),

Question 30

Closed circulatory system similar to vertebrates

Answer 30

Larger and more complex invertebrates, such as cephalopods (e.g., squids, octopuses). . Their circulatory system includes a heart and a network of blood vessels that transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. This closed circulatory system allows for more efficient oxygen delivery to the tissues compared to the other invertebrates.