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Modern Japan > International Business > Flashcards

International Business Flashcards

1
Q

Globalization

A

awareness, understanding, and response to global developments and linkages

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2
Q

Import-Export trade

A

the sale and purchase of tangible goods and services to and from another country

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3
Q

Foreign direct investment

A

the establishment or expansion of operations of a firm in a foreign country; like all investments, a transfer of capital is assumed

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4
Q

Multinational corporations

A

companies that invest in countries around the globe

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5
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

total monetary value of goods produced and services provided by a country over a one-year period

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6
Q

Macroeconomic Level

A
  • level of business concerns at which trading relationships affect individual markets
  • an analysis of a national economy with a focus on overall perspectives and workings
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7
Q

Microeconomic Level

A
  • level of business concerns that affect an individual firm or industry
  • allows firms to achieve economics of scale that cannot be achieved in domestic markets
  • permits firms to hone their competitive skills by meeting the challenge of foreign products
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8
Q

Culture

A

an integrated system of learned behavior patterns that are characteristic of the members of any given society

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9
Q

Acculturation

A

the process of adjusting and adapting to a specific culture other than from one’s own

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10
Q

High context culture

A

culture in which behavioral and environmental nuances are an important means of conveying information (Japan, Saudi Arabia)

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11
Q

Low context culture

A

culture in which most information is conveyed explicitly rather than through behavioral and environmental nuances (North America, Northern European)

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12
Q

Change agent

A

an institution or person or product who facilitates change in a firm or in a host country

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13
Q

Cultural imperialism

A

promoting Western behaviors and values along with products and into other cultures, encouraging homogeneous demand across markets

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14
Q

Cultural universals

A

manifestations of the total way of life of any group of people

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15
Q

Concrete elements of Culture

A
  • language
  • infrastructure
  • education
  • social institutions
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16
Q

Abstract elements of culture

A
  • religion
  • values and attitudes
  • manneres and customs
  • aesthetics
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17
Q

Backtranslation

A

retranslation of a text to the original language by a different person from the one who made the first translation, useful in finding translation errors

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18
Q

Economic infrastructure

A

the transportation, energy, and communication systems in a country

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19
Q

Social infrastructure

A

the housing, health, education, and other social systems in a country

20
Q

Financial infrastructure

A

facilitating financial agencies in a country, such as banks

21
Q

Marketing infrastructure

A

facilitating marketing agencies in a country

22
Q

Cultural convergence

A

increasing similarity among cultures accelerated by technological advances

23
Q

Social stratification

A

the division of a particular population into economic classes

24
Q

Reference groups

A

a group, such as the family, coworkers, professional trade associations, that provides the values and attitudes that influence and shape behavior

25
Q

Values

A

shared beliefs or group norms that have been internalized by individuals

26
Q

Attitudes

A

evaluations of alternatives based on these values

27
Q

In-depth studies

A

market research tool that is used for gathering detailed data after studying consumer needs across markets

28
Q

Self-reference criterion

A

unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values

29
Q

ethnocentrism

A

regarding one’s culture as superior to other cultures

30
Q

Cultural dimensions

A
  • individualism
  • power distance
  • uncertainty avoidance
  • masculinity
  • long term vs. short-term orientation
  • indulgence vs. restraint
31
Q

Experiential knowledge

A

acquisition of cultural competence through personal involvement

32
Q

Area briefings

A

training programs that provide factual preparation prior to an overseas assignment

33
Q

Cultural assimilator

A

training program in which trainees for overseas must respond to scenarios of specific situations in a particular country

34
Q

Sensitivity training

A

human relations training that focuses on personal and interpersonal interactions; training that focuses on enhancing an expatriate’s flexibility in situations quite different from those at home

35
Q

Field experience

A

experience acquired in actual rather than laboratory settings; training that exposes a corporate manager to a cultural environment

36
Q

Culture shock

A

pronounced reactions to the psychological disorientation that most people feel when they move for an extended period of time into a markedly different culture

37
Q

National sovereignty

A

the supreme right of nations to determine national policies; freedom from external control

38
Q

Domestic policy

A

public policy concerned with national issues but that may have direct or indirect bearing on foreign trade and investment

39
Q

Quality of life

A

the standard of living combined with environmental and cultural factors; determines the level of well-being of individuals

40
Q

Standard of living

A

the level of material affluence of a group or nation, measured as a composite of quantities and qualities of goods

41
Q

Foreign policy

A

the area of public policy concerned with relationships with other countries

42
Q

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT

A

international code of tariffs and trade rules signed by 23 nations in 1947; headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland; 159 members currently; now part of the WTO
-Initial focus on reduction of high tariffs that restricted border trade

43
Q

Most Favored Nation (MFN)

A

a term describing a GATT clause that calls for member countries to grant other member countries the same most favorable treatment they accord any country concerning imports and exports, now also known as normal trade relations

44
Q

World Trade Org (WTO)

A

the institution that supplanted GATT in 1995 to administer international trade and investment accords

45
Q

General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)

A

a legally enforceable pact among GATT participants that covers trade and investments in the services sector
-Provides the legal ground rules for international commerce

Three main purposes:

  • Help trade flow as freely as possible
  • Serve as forum for trade negotiations
  • Settle trade disputes among member nations

Modern Japan (2 decks)

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