International Crew Course Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Name 8 types of vessels or boats.
A
- Cabin Cruiser
- Sailboat
- Row boat
- Fishing Trawler
- Speedboat
- Sportfish boat
- Superyacht Cruise ship
- Oil Tanker
- Container ship
2
Q
Name 4 types of sailing vessels.
A
- Sailing Dingy
- Sloop
- Bermuda-Rigged Ketch
- Schooner
3
Q
What is a Sloop?
A
A sail boat with a single mast and a fore-and aft rig (sails)
4
Q
What is a Bermuda Rigged Ketch?
A
A Sailing craft with 2 masts.
5
Q
What is a Schooner?
A
A schooner is a type of sailing vessel with fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts, the foremast being no taller than the rear mast(s).
6
Q
What is a Fin Keel (Sailboat)?
A
A fin keel is a projection from the bottom (hull) of a vessel to give it additional stability and is generally made of lead.
7
Q
What is a Wing Keel (Sailboat)?
A
Winged keels are generally found on sailboats that sail in shallow waters. They are only of benefit for yachts sailing upwind where stability and the ability to produce side force are important and where the depth of the water is limited.
8
Q
Length Overall (LOA)
A
The overall fore and aft length of the hull.
9
Q
Freeboard
A
The height of the side of a vessel above the water.
10
Q
Stern
A
Back of the boat
11
Q
Bow
A
Front of the boat
12
Q
Draft
A
Is the vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull (Keel). Draft determines the minimum depth of water a boat can safely navigate.
13
Q
Port
A
Left hand side of a vessel facing forward.
14
Q
Starboard
A
Right hand side of a vessel facing forward.
15
Q
Keel
A
A weighted projecting fin fixed on the centerline of a vessel which provides stability and reduces sideways drift.
16
Q
Operate
A
To control the speed and course of the boat.
17
Q
Cleats
A
A device for securing a line to a deck or dock. The line secures the boat against a dock.
18
Q
Bulkheads
A
An upright wall within the hull of a ship. Bulkheads serve several purposes:
- increase the structural rigidity of the vessel
- divide functional areas into rooms
- create watertight compartments that can contain water incase of a hull breach or leak
19
Q
Windward
A
The side of the vessel from which the wind blows is known as “windward”
20
Q
Leeward
A
The side of the vessel away from which the wind is blowing.
21
Q
Radar Reflector
A
A device fitted to boats to ensure they are seen on radar screens.
Boats made of fibreglass or wood do not reflect the radar pulse very well which can result in collisions during limited visibility.
22
Q
Fairleads
A
A fairlead is a device to guide a line, rope or cable around an object, out of the way or to stop it from moving laterally. Typically a fairlead will be a ring or hook.
23
Q
Springline
A
One line leads from the bow of the vessel aft of midships to the dock and one from the stern of the vessel lead forward of midships to the dock. These stop the boat moving fore and aft and should be taut.
24
Q
Pulpit
A
Metal frame around the bow.
25
Sternrail
Metal railing on the back of a boat.
26
Foredeck
The deck area in front of a mast on a sailboat or in front of the cockpit on a motorboat.
27
Grabrails
Rails attached either to the coach roof or inside the cabins for holding on to while at sea.
28
Washboards
These are boards used to seal off the companionway to prevent the entry of water in heavy weather.
29
Winch
A deck mounted drum with a handle offering mechanical advantage when used to trim sheets. Winches may also be mounted on the mast to assist with raising sails.
30
Tiller
Used to steer small boats. It is attached to the rudder.
31
Thru Hull Fitting
Designed to allow water to pass through them from inside a boat, such as the sinks, toilets and for engine water cooling.
32
Kill Cord
An engine cut out device, one end of which is attached to a switch near the throttle and the other to the driver's wrist. In the event of the helmsman falling overboard this device will stop the engine.
33
Relative Direction
When on board a vessel, there are correct ways of describing the location of surrounding objects. These are known as "relative bearings" and are based on the direction of the object in relation to the vessel.
* **"Dead Ahead"** an object directly infront of the boat
* **"Dead Astern"** an object directly behind the boat
* **"Abeam"** any object 90 degrees to the vessel
34
Barometer
An instrument that indicates atmospheric pressure.
A single reading of barometric pressure gives no important information, it is the rate of change of pressure that is important in itself and this can only be gained from a series of readings.
35
Companionway
Is a stairwell giving access from the deck to the cabin.
36
Name 4 different types of hulls.
1. Catamaran (Multihull)
2. Deep V Hull
3. Flat Bottom Hull
4. Round Bottom Hull
37
What is a forestay?
On a sailing vessel, a forestay, sometimes called a stay, is a piece of standing rigging which keeps a mast from falling backwards. It is attached either at the very top of the mast, or in fractional rigs between 1/8 and 1/4 from the top of the mast. The other end of the forestay is attached to the bow.
38
What is the function of a rudder?
The primary control surface to steer a ship.
39
What is a fractional rig?
A fractional rig on a sailing vessel consists of a foresail, such as a jib or genoa sail where the forestay does not reach all the way to the top of the mast.
40
What is a masthead rig?
A masthead rig on a sailing vessel consists of a forestay and backstay both attached to the top of the mast.
41
What is a backstay?
Backstays support the mast on cruising yachts. A backstay runs from each lateral corner of the stern to the top of the mast.
42
What is a displacement hull?
Displacement hulls are designed to power through the water. They are mostly found on sailing boats and trawler type boats. The advantages of a displacement hull are lower power requirements than a planning hull, allowing a longer cruising range and increased load carrying ability.
43
What is a planing hull?
Planing hulls are designed to glide on the water's surface as the boat's speed increases. The advantages of the planing hull are shorter journey times but the disadvantage is the power needed to get a boat onto the "plane" and the amount of fuel required to do so.
44
Catamaran Hull (Multihull)?
Catamarans, trimarans, pontooon boats and some house boats use a multi-hull design. The wide stance provides greater stability. A catamaran needs a wide turning circle due to its wide beam. They can be power or sail boats.
45
Deep V Hull?
The V bottom tends to have a sharper entry into the water which provides for a smoother ride in rough water. They are slower than planing hulls as they travel through the water rather than above it.
Many runabouts use the V bottom design, they do however roll and bank in sharp turns and seas.
46
Flat Bottom Hull
These boats are generally less expensive to build and have a shallow draft. They can get up on plan easily but unless the water is very calm they tend to give a rough ride because of the flat bottom poundingon eacy wave.
They also tend to be less stable and require careful balancing of cargo and crew.
47
Round Bottom Hull
These move easily through the water, especially at slow speeds. They do however tend to roll unless outfitted with a deep keel or "stabilizers".
48
What is the difference between a lifejacket and PFD?
Only a lifejacket will turn an unconscious person face up in the water. Personal flotation devices (PFDs) and buoyancy aids will not.
49
What is the highest safety priority in preventing boating deaths?
Wearing a lifejacket at all times when boating is the highest safety priority in preventing boating deaths.
50
When is it not permitted to use automatic inflating lifejactets?
They are not permitted for sports such as water skiing where they may get saturated as this will cause the jacket to inflate.
51
What needs to be fitted to a childs lifejacket to prevent it from rising over the childs shoulders?
A safety strap that fastens between the legs which prevents it from slipping over the child's head.
Childresn lifejackets should also have the following:
* An extra large collar to support the head
* A grab handle/strap on the collar
* Reflective material
52
How do you take care of lifejackets and PFDs?
* Inspect regularly, checking the buckles, straps and zippers. If ripped or damaged they must be replaced immediately.
* They should be air-dried out of direct sunlight or direct heat source
* When not in use store in a dry well ventilated area onboard.
* Do not store in the proximity of chemicals or petrol (gasoline).
* Never use as cushions or fenders as this can damage and make less effective.
53
How do you clean a lifejacket?
* Use mild soap and water
* Rinse thoroughly
* Never use solvents, strong detergents or gasoline
* Air dry out of direct sunlight
54
Name 4 types of personal flotation devices?
1. Standard Lifejacket
2. Inflatable Lifejacket
3. Pouch type Lifejacket
4. Automatic inflating PFD
55
What is an EPIRB?
Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon
Self contained waterproof transmitter when activated transmits GPS location via satellite
56
What is a SART?
Search and Rescue Transponder
The radar SART is ued to locate surival craft or life raft by creating a series of dots on a vessels radar display.
57
How long should a heaving line be for a vessel \< 24m?
15 meters
58
What is an immersion suit?
Immersion suits are used in extreme cold weather and are used when abandoning ship. They are designed to be worn over your clothes to prevent hypothermia.
59
What is recommended when boating in hot weather?
Warmer or tropical climates will require staying cool and covering bare skin with light clothing and a hat where excessive sunshine is a problem.
Sun screen, lip balm, sunglasses and plenty of drinking water are essential to prevent dehydration and heatstroke.
60
What is the function of a liferaft?
Generally used offshore. They are only to be used when a vessel is sinking and there is no other choice but to abandon ship.
61
What is a hydrostatic release?
A hydrostatic release is a device that can be attached to a life raft so that it will automatically deploy in the event of a sudden sinking.
At a depth of approximately 5 meters, the hdrostatic release will automatically inflate the life raft allowing it to float free.
62
What is an abandon ship/ditchbag?
A highly visible, water proof, positive flotation bag that is used to store important items in the event that you have to abandon the ship.
63
Name 10 items an abdandon ship bag might contain?
1. EPIRB
2. SART
3. Handheld VHF radio
4. Cell phones
5. Selection of flares
6. Waterproof flashlight
7. Whistle
8. Signal mirror
9. Additional water
10. Emergency Food rations
64
What is a VHF Radio?
The Very High Frequency radio is a transmitter and receiver used for communication.
Uses include weather, Coastguard information as well as routine ship to ship communication.
They are also used to transmit Mayday, Pan-Pan and Securite information.
65
Name the 4 types of flares?
Type A: Parachute Flare
* Easily seen from water, land and air
* Emits red light
Type B: Multi-Star Flare
* Easily seen from water, land and air
* Emits a red light
Type C: Hand-Held Flare
* Not easily seen from afar but effective for pinpointing your position
* Emits a red light
Type D: Smoke Flare
* Highly visible during daylight hours
* Gives off orange smoke
66
What is a smoke flare used for?
This type of flare is most effective for daytime use. Hand-held or floating type smoke flares will discharge intense orange smoke for a least three minutes.
67
How many classes of fire extinguisher are there?
Class A
* Combustible solid materials such as wood and paper
Class B
* Combustible liquid fires including gas, oil and grease
Class C
* Electrical fires
68
How often should a fire extinguisher be inspected?
Fire extinguishers require annual inspection to keep in date.
69
Name 6 items you would find in a first aid box?
1. Bandages
2. Gauze pads
3. Aspirin
4. Antiseptic wipes
5. Motion sickness tablets
6. Antibiotic cream
70
A flashlight qualifies as as navigation device on what size vessel?
Non powered vessels less than 7 meters.
71
What is an airhorn used for?
Catch attention to other boaters who are not maintaining a lookout.
72
When would oars be used?
In case of an engine breakdown in a small vessel or dinghy to get to shore or out of harms way.
73
What is a reboarding device?
Swim ladder or other device to allow for easy reboarding after swimming or in the event of a man-overboard.
74
What are wooden plugs used for?
Most vessels sink because of broken hoses, clamps or rusted out thru-hull fittings. Thru-hull fittings are generally fitted below the waterline and are intakes and outlets for bilge pumping and black and grey water discharge.
Plugs should be tethered to each thru-hull so that they are ready to hammer into place in the event of a failure or leakage.
75
Name 6 spare parts that may be stored aboard a vessel?
76
What is a nautical chart?
Nautical charts are essentially maps of sea areas showing coastlines and their prominent features, depths, objects in, on and under the water and include many pieces of useful information.
77
What is the importance of navigation lights?
Between sunset and sunrise and during any period of reduced visibility you are required to use navigation lights.
This aids in navigation and helps to prevent collisions.
78
Name 3 different types of anchors.
1. Fluke or Danforth Anchor
2. Plough Anchor
3. Bruce Anchor
4. Fisherman Anchor
79
What is a sea anchor used for?
In the event of a breakdown or engine failure at sea, vessels have a natural tendency to turn themselves "beam on" to the sea which causes the vessel to roll violently in the waves.
A sea anchor resembles a small parachute and is streamed on a line from the bow of the boat. In this case the boat will be blown downwind from the sea anchor which creates drag and this will pull the bow of the boat into the wind which stabilises the vessel.
80
Why are registration papers important?
Show proof of ownship and port of registry.
May be required by customs and immigration or port police.
81
What are the COLREGS?
Colregs are collision regulations.
They set out the navigation rules to be followed by ships and other vessels at sea to prevent collisions between two or more vessels.
82
What is a courtesy ensign and when is it flown?
A courtsey flag (ensign) is flown by a visiting vessel in foreign waters as a sign of respect. It flown on the starboard side of the vessel and is smaller than the flag of registration.
83
What are two types of "diver down" flags?
There are two flags that indicate a diver is down. The red and white flag has become the most internationally recognised and the signal flag "A" is most common in Europe and the British Commonwealth.
84
What is the "Q" flag?
The Q flag (or custom flag) is a yellow square and is flown on the starboard side of the vessel when entering a foreign port or harbour. It indicates the vessel requires customs clearance.
85
What are the 5 main requirements for taking over a vessel?
1. Hull and rig checks
2. Navigation Lights and Electronic Equipment
3. Safety Equipment
4. Housekeeping items
5. Dingy and Float plan
86
Name as many of the important hull checks as you can.
* Location and condition of through hull fittings
* Through hulls and sea-cocks operate easily, hoses in good condition, hose clamps fitted (double)
* Spare hose clamps should be carried (two or three of each size).
* Through hull plugs attached to each sea-cock.
* Bilges are clean and dry, bilge pumps operatonal.
* Grab rails, life-lines in good condition
* Hull cracks or damage
87
Name as many of the engine checks as you can.
* Engine warning lights and alarms working.
* Emergency stopping of runaway engine , fuel cut off.
* Steering and shift mechanisms in good condition.
* Interior spaces are well ventilated.
* Run the blowers for several minutes before starting inboard engine to clear vapours
* Fuel supply full, estimate margin of safety. 1/3 tank rule.
* Fuel system free of leaks.
* Engine oil and transmission levels correct.
* Cooling water full
* Prop shaft clear
* Throttle cables not sticking
88
List all safety equipment that must be on board for a safe voyage.
* Heavy line and life buoy
* Fire extinguishers
* Signal flares and other signaling devices with current expiration dates
* Life jacket suitable for each person on board.
* MOB equipment and throwable floatation easily accessible to helmsperson.
* Flashlight and extra batteries
* Horn or sound signaling device
* Bailer
* Anchors
* Mooring line
89
Name the general vessel equipment and housekeeping items that should be checked during a vessel take over.
* Taps or faucets working as necessary.
* Fresh water in tanks and also carr some extra bottled water.
* Propane gas including spare bottle, in outside locker with drain.
* Sewage holding tanks, along with grey water tanks should be emptied.
* Heads flushing or pumping as necessary.
* Ample food and water for the voyage intended.
90
What are the actions required for departing a marina?
* Disconnect all power cords and water lines.
* Instruct passengers and crew to keep limbs inside the vessel when maneuvering.
* Release and stow all lazy dock lines.
* Sound proper whistle (horn) signals.
* Remove last dock lines.
* Appoint one crew member to be a "roving fender" If it looks like the vessel will touch the dock they should drop the fender into the gap between the vessel and the dock to protect the hull.
* After clearing the dock area, take in all lines and fenders; keep lines clear of the propeller.
* Proceed slowly using just enough power to maintain control whenever leaving or returning to a dock.
* Make sure to avoid all swimmers etc...
* Avoid specific hazards.
91
What causes rope to deteriorate?
Leaving rope soaked in water or in direct sunlight will deteriorate it quickly.
Contact with chemicals, gasoline, salt or corrosive substances will shorten its lifespan.
92
Name 6 precautions that need to be undertaken before refueling a vessel.
* Shut down all engines and electrical systems.
* Extinguish all naked flames including cigars and cigarettes.
* Only those involved in refueling should be on the vessel.
* Have a fire extinguisher on hand in case it is needed.
* Avoid overflowing the tanks.
* Clean up any spillage with absorbent cloths and dispose properly.
* Fill all additional fuel containers on shore and never aboard the boat.
* Close all windows and ports to prevent fuems entering the boat.
93
What additional procedures need to be undertaken before refueling a PWC?
* Check the fuel/water separator and if necessary remove any water before fueling.
* Certain PWC's require pre-mixing of oil and gasoline before fueling so do so in a separate container.
* If the PWC is oil injected, make sure the oil reserve tank is full with the recommended oil.
* Make sure the fuel selector switch is off when fueling and remember to turn it back on before starting the engine.
94
What is the recommended general practice when considering your fuel requirements?
* 1/3 out
* 1/3 back
* 1.3 in reserve
95
What is the cause of 40% of all boating fatalities?
Over 40% of all boating fatalities are the result of people falling overboard.
96
What is the number one cause of man-overboard on sailboats?
Getting struck by the boom is the number one cause of man overboard accidents in sailboats.
97
What is the general procedure for rescuing a person overboard?
* Shout man over board and reduce speed.
* Assign a lookout to continuously watch the person in the water.
* Immediate throw a brightly coloured buoyant item overboard to increase its visibility in the water and mark their approximate position.
* Put the wheel hard over towards the side where the person fell to keep propeller away from the person in the water.
* Turn the bow of the boat into the wind and in a downwind position from the victim.
* Once the person is along side put the engine into neutral.
* Retrieve the victim from the water using one of the rescue techniques:
* Reaching assist
* Use of Buoyant heaving line
* Use of Life Ring
98
What criteria do you need to take into account when considering a man overboard rescue?
* Is the person wearing a lifejacket?
* Is the boat flying a spinnaker?
* What are the weather conditions?
* Is it daytime or night time ?
* How big are the seas?
* What is the visibility?
* How many crew on deck?
* Is there an auxillary motor?
* How heavy is the victim?
99
Describe 4 types of cold weather survival gear.
* Wet Suit
* Dry Suit
* Immersion Suit
* Exposure Coverall
100
Describe the general procedure of Rescuing a person overboard in limited visibility using compass correction.
* Look at the compass for the course you were steering when the person fell over.
* Put the wheel hard over towards the side where the person fell to keep propellers away from victim.
* Turn to about 60 - 70 degrees from your course and then put the wheel hard over to the other side.
* Come back on the reciprocal of your original course.
101
What is capsizing?
When a vessel is turned upside down in the water, yet the vessel still remains afloat due to air trapped inside the hull or if the buoyancy built into the vessel causes the hull to remain afloat.
102
What is Sinking?
When a boat disappears below the water and sinks to the bottom of the sea or lake.
103
What is swamping?
When a vessel is filled with water that comes in over the sides or bow/stern and the vessel remains upright.
104
What causes capsizing?
Heavy weather causing a large wave to hit the beam of the vessel causing the center of gravity to shift to the point of what is called "**vanishing stability"**.
105
What causes swamping?
* Large wave overtakes the bow, stern or sides of the vessel.
* Hull punctured by a log or sharp object in the water.
* Burst thru hull fitting.
106
What safety precautions can be taken to prevent capsizing, swamping, sinking or grounding the boat?
* Check marine weather forcast before leaving shore.
* Check weather regularly.
* Have safety equipment ready and an abandon ship bag.
* Ensure all passengers have lifejackets to increase chances of rescue and survival.
107
When would you use an anchor?
* In the event of a breakdown.
* During severe weather.
* Non-emergencies such as stopping to swim or an overnight stay.
108
What kind of bottoms do anchors hold best in?
Anchors hold best in soft bottoms such as sand or mud.
*Anchors will also hold in hard sand, shingle or pebbles.*
109
What is the best anchor for holding in rock?
Fisherman Anchor
110
What is anchoring scope?
The ratio of length of anchor line in use to the vertical distance from the bow of the vessel to the bottom of the water.
111
How much scope would you use if just using chain?
5 times the maximum depth of water for chain
112
How much scope would you use if using rode and chain?
At least 7 times the maximum depth for rode and chain.
113
Describe the sequence for setting an anchor?
1. Make sure that one end of the anchor line is securely fastened to the vessel and the other end is securely fastened to the chain.
2. Slowly lower the anchor over the bow or side of the boat until it touches the bottom. (**Never throw the anchor over the side of the boat**).
3. Make a mental note of the length of line used for the anchor to reach bottom and operate the engine in reverse and let out an additional 5-10 times more anchor line than the depth of the water.
114
What is the purpose of choosing a landmark after setting anchor?
Choose two fixed landmarks on the horizon and occasionally check your position in relation to the landmarks to ensure you are not drifting.
115
Who has the right of swing when anchoring?
The first boat into the anchorage.
116
Describe the sequence for retrieving an anchor?
* Slowly pull on the anchor line
* Move the boat forward until the anchor frees itself from the bottom and is hanging directly downward.
117
What is Beach Anchoring?
To ensure your vessel does not drift away on a rising tide it is common practice to anchor the dingy on the beach as shown.
118
When would you lay a second anchor?
When you need to reduce swing or yaw of the boat due to tidal stream or strong wind, especially in a confined anchorage.
119
What is fore and aft anchoring?
Normally suitable for small boats as it induces to much strain in a cross-tide or strong cross wind. It can however be useful in narrow channels.
120
What is kedging?
A method of getting a boat that has run aground back into deeper water.
The method is to take the anchor in your dinghy and drop it into deeper water. You can then use the anchor windlass to pull the boat toward the anchor to refloat your boat.
121
How would you retrieve a fouled anchor?
If the seabed is covered with debris an anchor may be difficult to retrieve. It may require the following:
* A trip line can be fastened to the anchor so that the crown can pull it up.
* Driving over the anchor with the engine in gear.
* If the water is shallow enough it may be neccessary to dive down to retrieve it.
122
List the problems associated with running aground.
* Exterior damage to vessel
* Interior damage to vessel
* Engine damage
123
What safety measures should you take if you run aground?
* Make sure crew is safe, free of injury and wearing lifejackets.
* Check your position.
* Monitor position and make regular checks on compartments.
* Assess degree of risk, including weather, state of tide and damage.
* Arrange for outside assistance (Mayday or Pan Pan).
124
What solutions are open to you if you run aground?
* Run aground at low water, then vessel will refloat as tide rises.
* Seek assistance from passing vessel.
* Determine if vessel will survive a safe tow to a port.
* Use VHF radio to call local towing company.
