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International Crises Flashcards

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1
Q

Who invaded South Korea?

A

1950: North Korea invaded South Korea.

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2
Q

What was North Korea’s ideology and who supported it?

A

1950–53: North Korea was communist and supported by the Soviet Union.

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3
Q

Who backed the dictatorship in South Korea?

A

1950–53: The United States backed the dictatorship in South Korea.

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4
Q

Which country was boycotting the United Nations during the Korean War?

A

1950–53: The Soviet Union was boycotting the United Nations.

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5
Q

What did the Soviet Union’s UN boycott allow in 1950?

A

1950: It allowed the United States to pass a UN Security Council resolution authorizing a force of 16 nations to repel the North Korean invasion.

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6
Q

Which British government joined the Korean War and who was the Prime Minister?

A

1950: A Labour government led by Clement Attlee joined the war as part of United Nations forces.

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7
Q

Which government continued Britain’s involvement in the Korean War after 1951?

A

1951: A Conservative government under Winston Churchill continued Britain’s involvement in the war.

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8
Q

How long did the Korean War last and when was the armistice agreed?

A

1950–1953: The war lasted three years; an armistice was agreed in June 1953.

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9
Q

How many troops did Britain contribute to the Korean War?

A

1950–1953: Britain contributed 100,000 troops.

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10
Q

Which force did Britain lead in Korea and which countries contributed?

A

1950–1953: Britain led the British Commonwealth Forces Korea, including Australia, New Zealand, India, and Canada.

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11
Q

When did Britain influence the UN decision to push into North Korea?

A

September 1950: Britain influenced the UN decision for forces to push into North Korea.

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12
Q

What resolution did the United Kingdom sponsor regarding Korea?

A

1950: The UK sponsored a UN resolution calling for military reunification of Korea.

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13
Q

Who flew to Washington in December 1950 and why?

A

December 1950: Prime Minister Clement Attlee flew to Washington to urge the Americans not to use nuclear weapons in Korea.

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14
Q

What assurance did Attlee receive in December 1950 from the Americans?

A

December 1950: The United States assured that the UK would be consulted before any use of nuclear weapons.

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15
Q

How did the United Nations’ actions in the Korean War affect its credibility?

A

1950–1953: UN credibility was strengthened by standing up to North Korean aggression—passing a resolution and taking action as an organization.

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16
Q

What was Britain’s casualty count in the Korean War?

A

1950–1953: Britain suffered 700 killed in action.

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17
Q

How many troops did the United States deploy in the Korean War and how many were killed?

A

1950–1953: The United States deployed 1.7 million troops and suffered 36,500 killed in action.

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18
Q

What was the impact of the Korean War on British defence spending?

A

1950–1953: Defence spending rose to 11.2 % of GDP.

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19
Q

What was Britain’s status relative to the United States during the Korean War?

A

1950–1953: Britain was a junior partner to the United States, with strategic control firmly in American hands.

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20
Q

Who were the commanders of the United Nations forces during the Korean War?

A

1950–1951: Douglas MacArthur; 1951–1952: Matthew Ridgway; 1952–1953: Mark Clark.

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21
Q

What did NATO establish as a result of the Korean War?

A

Post-1953: NATO established a permanent military bureaucracy ensuring United States leadership in Western European defence.

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22
Q

Why was the UN only able to take action in the Korean War?

A

1950: The Soviet Union was boycotting the United Nations, preventing a Soviet veto and enabling UN action.

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23
Q

Who overthrew King Farouk of Egypt?

A

1952: Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew King Farouk.

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24
Q

What did Gamal Abdel Nasser request in 1955, and from whom?

A

1955: Nasser requested United States and British funding for a new Aswan Dam project.

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25
Why was United States and British funding for the Aswan Dam withdrawn?
1956: Funding was withdrawn because Nasser refused to join the pro-British Baghdad Pact.
26
What action did Nasser take in 1956 regarding the Suez Canal?
1956: Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal.
27
What did Prime Minister Anthony Eden believe about Egyptian control of the Suez Canal?
1956: Eden believed Egyptian control was akin to Nasser having 'his thumb on our windpipe.'
28
Which countries did Britain conspire with to invade Egypt in 1956?
1956: Britain conspired with France and Israel to invade Egypt and seize the canal.
29
What was the military outcome of the Suez invasion?
1956: Anglo-French forces successfully defeated the Egyptian air force and seized the Suez Canal.
30
What was the diplomatic outcome of the Suez invasion?
1956–1957: The invasion failed to secure international support—especially from the United States—forcing British withdrawal; Eden resigned in January 1957.
31
Which air forces defeated the Egyptian air force during the Suez Crisis?
1956: The Royal Air Force (UK) and the French Air Force defeated the Egyptian air force.
32
What type of military operation did Britain perform during the Suez Crisis?
1956: Britain performed a successful combined-arms operation—naval, marine, parachute, infantry, and air—without United States logistical support.
33
Which canal was seized by Anglo-French forces in 1956?
1956: The Suez Canal was seized by Anglo-French forces.
34
How did Britain demonstrate independence from the United States in the Suez Crisis?
1956: Britain built an alliance with France and worked with Israel without United States backing.
35
Which Commonwealth countries publicly supported Britain during the Suez Crisis?
1956: Australia and New Zealand publicly supported Britain.
36
How did the United Kingdom and France use their UN veto power in 1956?
1956: UK and France used their veto to block UN condemnation of the invasion.
37
Why did Britain attempt to protect its economic interests in the Suez Crisis?
1956: Half of the ships using the Suez Canal were British, and two-thirds of Europe’s oil supply passed through it.
38
What limitations did the Anglo-French air forces face in Suez?
1956: They failed to destroy the Egyptian army and failed to prevent Cairo Radio from broadcasting.
39
Which Commonwealth country opposed the Suez invasion?
1956: Canada bitterly opposed the Suez invasion.
40
How did the United States respond to the Suez invasion?
1956: The United States ordered British withdrawal and exerted economic pressure, including instructing the IMF to refuse assistance and threatening to sell sterling.
41
How did economic pressure from the United States threaten Britain during the Suez Crisis?
1956: Threatened to sell USD holdings of sterling to crash the pound; MacMillan warned Britain would run short of food and raw materials within weeks if reserves were depleted.
42
Which country invaded the Falkland Islands in 1982?
1982: Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands.
43
Who was the British Prime Minister during the Falklands War?
1982: Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
44
How many Argentine and British lives were lost in the Falklands War?
1982: 655 Argentine and 255 British lives were lost.
45
When did the British task force set sail to retake the Falklands?
1982: The task force set sail three days after the Argentine invasion (April 1982).
46
When were the South Georgia Islands captured during the Falklands War?
25 April 1982: South Georgia Islands were recaptured by British forces.
47
When did British land forces capture Stanley, and what was the outcome?
13 June 1982: British forces captured Stanley; 14 June 1982: Argentine forces surrendered.
48
Which UN Security Council resolution called for withdrawal of Argentine forces in the Falklands War?
1982: UN Security Council Resolution 502 called for Argentine withdrawal and supported the UK’s right to self-defence.
49
How did the United States assist Britain in the Falklands War?
1982: The United States provided diplomatic and logistical support, including access to Ascension Island and 950,000 gallons of fuel.
50
How did the Falklands War impact British defence and shipbuilding?
Post-1982: Replacement of lost ships, helicopters, and planes led to orders for at least five new ships, temporarily boosting Britain’s defence industry.
51
Which Argentine missile successfully struck a British ship, and what were the casualties?
1982: An Argentine Exocet missile sank HMS Sheffield, killing 20 British sailors.
52
What mistake led to 49 British lives lost during the Falklands War?
1982: Ships Sir Galahad and Sir Tristram were unloading supplies in daylight and were attacked by Argentine planes, resulting in 49 deaths.
53
How crucial was US logistical support to Britain's success in the Falklands?
1982: US logistical support via Ascension Island was essential; without it, British success was unlikely.
54
What peace offer did the United Kingdom ignore during the Falklands War?
1 May 1982: A Peruvian peace offer was tabled but ignored by the UK.
55
What was the result of the sinking of the Belgrano?
2 May 1982: Sinking of the Belgrano ended hopes of a peace deal and killed 360 Argentine personnel.
56
What was the status of Argentina and the Falklands sovereignty after the war?
1983 and after: Argentina became a democracy, but sovereignty over the Falkland Islands remained unresolved.
57
What was the economic cost of the Falklands War to Britain?
1982: The war cost £2.77 billion; post-war defence upgrades cost £1.5 million per islander.
58
Who invaded Kuwait in 1990, and who led that country?
1990: Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded Kuwait.
59
What justification did Saddam Hussein give for invading Kuwait?
1990: He claimed Kuwait was arbitrarily separated from Iraq by the British and accused Kuwait of slant drilling into Iraqi oilfields.
60
How did the United States view Saddam Hussein prior to the Gulf War?
Pre-1990: The US had supported Hussein during the Iran–Iraq War but feared Iraqi domination of Middle Eastern oil and a potential invasion of Saudi Arabia.
61
What was Operation Desert Shield?
1990: US deployment of troops to protect Saudi Arabia from potential Iraqi invasion.
62
What was Operation Desert Storm?
1991: US-led coalition operation to push Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.
63
Which UN resolution authorized the use of force against Iraq in 1991?
1990: UN Resolution 678 authorized force to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait.
64
Why did the Soviet Union not object to UN Resolution 678?
1990: The Soviet Union, undergoing the end of the Cold War, did not object to Resolution 678.
65
How many nations joined the coalition against Iraq, and which two led it?
1991: 42 nations joined; the United States and the United Kingdom were leading contributors.
66
How many British troops were deployed in the Gulf War, and how did that rank among coalition members?
1991: Britain deployed 53,000 troops, the third largest contingent after the United States and Saudi Arabia.
67
What role did the Royal Air Force play in the Gulf War?
1991: The RAF played a significant role in the bombing campaign against Iraq.
68
How did Margaret Thatcher influence US policy regarding the Gulf War?
1990–1991: Thatcher advised President George Bush to take firm action, saying, 'this is no time to go wobbly.'
69
What post-war zones did John Major persuade the US to establish in Iraq?
1991: Established no-fly zones and safe havens for Kurdish rebels in northern Iraq.
70
What economic relationship did Kuwait have with the United Kingdom in the 1970s and 1980s?
1970s–1980s: Kuwait invested billions in the UK, including purchasing 22 % of British Petroleum in 1987.
71
What was the cost of the Gulf War to the United Kingdom, and how was it offset?
1991: Total UK cost was £2.4 billion, of which £2 billion was paid by Gulf countries (Kuwait and Saudi Arabia).
72
How many Iraqi civilians were killed by coalition bombing, and how many were killed in a Baghdad bomb shelter?
1991: 3,600 Iraqi civilians killed by coalition bombing; 408 killed in a Baghdad shelter struck by smart bombs.
73
How many troops did the United States deploy in the Gulf War, and what was Britain's role?
1991: The United States deployed 697,000 troops, dominating the coalition under General Norman Schwarzkopf; the UK served as a junior partner.
74
What happened in Iraq after the Gulf War regarding Kurdish and Shia rebellions?
1991: Saddam Hussein harshly suppressed Kurdish and Shia uprisings, with around 100,000 civilians killed while the coalition did not intervene.
75
What was the net financial cost of the Gulf War to the UK after contributions from Gulf states?
1991: Net UK cost was £400 million, plus £200 million of equipment written off.

Britian International Relations (3 decks)

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