international relations Flashcards

Question

what happened with the PRC and Africa?

Answer 1

Began to make in words in Africa in the late 1990s, made a series of commercial financial deals and disregarded he would write accord. China’s economic aim was to obtain cheap materials and negotiate war at the contracts, allowing them to extract metal diamonds. I had a timber China would provide aid and cheap loads to establish strong commercial foothold PRC said economic and military assistance to African countries.

Answer 2

Cider American fruit rapprochement USA switch recognition from Taiwan China in 1979, then accepted a presidential invitation to the US put aside, ideological differences and work together for mutual gain

Answer 3

dang, judge at the service union failed, because it had - failed to develop a consumer economy that would report that would reward people for their efforts and - incapable of reforming agriculture so that it could sufficiently feed its. population - arms race with America, that it couldn’t afford - soviet union had lost faith in itself. Deng ensured the survival of the CCP, by consolidating China’s position as a major national power who had embraced modernity

Answer 4

Deng put national interest first and agreed on lucrative sign of Japanese contracts say Japanese peace and friendship treaty of 1978 Dlisted Japan visited Japan in 1978 top level ministerial visits and diplomatic exchanges. - Both countries agreed to oppose hegemony of Soviet union expansion indicated mutual awareness, - residual fear of Japanese military ism - reluctance of Japan to acknowledge Their crimes for example Japanese p.m. Nakasone visited Yasukinis shrine in 1985 -PRC didn’t let moral outrage get in the way of commercial growth

Answer 5

Joining the UN gave China prestige and status. PRC frequently use their veto to block American initiatives. China approached by US to be a part of a group against North Korea. China declined and this shows China’s independence.

Answer 6

- Hong system: China would make countries trade with the, using the hong system in which countries would have to trade its china on Chinese terms - Silver: China would make Britain may for tea, porcelain, fur and tabacco using silver. Britain would get this silver from trading with China. This eventually led to China having a silver deficit $18m - Social impacts of opium: China hated opium dens and the addiction of opium because it disrupted work, family life and social harmony - Qing government in 1839 ordered the seizing of opium stocks in Canton, which distributed 90% of the drug. - restrictions that had already been in place against opium were not working, British traders were under the impression that opium would become legalised and therefore they began to stockpile opium. - Lin Zexu was the special imperial commissioner in charge of teh operation and he ordered the seizure and destruction of all known opium stocks and arrest of major traders - Traders lobbied the foreign secretary, who gave in and used gun boat diplomacy

Answer 7

- battles: the gun boats were sent in. Seige and counter seige The British steamships were able to manoeuvre the Chinese junks and blast them with canons. China lost the fighting on land as well. Western forces had maxim guns and rifles whilst China only had muskets - Britain would capture vital warehouses and river barges which stored the silver raised in taxes and so China couldn’t pay soldiers - 1840: British Indian army arrived and besieged canton and other ports. steamships bombarded coastal fronts and captured islands -1842: more soldiers arrived allowing Britain to capture Borge forts and were almost ready to seize Shanghai china had to make a deal - Convention of Ch’uan-pi: China would pay £6 million in repatriations - Canton be fully open to trade - Hong Kong be given to Britain but the Qing could collect taxes - Britain had to withdraw from the islands they hadn’t the,polarity occupied during the war - China nearly ageeed to it but eventually refused. - fighting resumed - summer 1842 Britain was going to seize nianjing so China gave up and agreed to the treaty of nianjing

Answer 8

Treaty of Nianjing - compensation: 21 million to be paid to Britain - ports: canton, Shanghai, guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen: opened to British trade - first unequal treaty which set a precedent for international relations with china for the decades to come -British residents could buy property in Shanghai and live in the treaty ports British citizens exempt from the Chinese law - Britain gained Shanghai: improved the yangzi river to make it better for trading. Other countries also gained influence. China resented in but also inspired - Treaty of Wangxia was inspired by treaty of nianjing in which the US became the ‘most favoured nation’ in order to reduce British influence

Answer 9

- qing dynasty: FIRST SINO - JAPANESE WAR - Japan wanted China’s tributary state of Korea. Fought China and got it. China then had to agree to the Treaty of Shimonoseki where they had to give up all claim to Korea, pay an indemnity of $5 billion to Japan. Japan took Taiwan, other islands, and important parts of Manchuria, Japan was allowed to establish factories and commercial premises in the treaty ports, and more ports were opened to Japanese trade - boxer rebellion: 8 nation alliance 50,000 troops - japan 20,000 SUN YATSEN AND YUAN SHIKAI- $100 million loan from consotiuum - imposed 21 demands: had to have Japanese advisors in their central government , police in important areas had to be run by China and Japan with lots of Japanese police officers, China must purchase over 50% of the munitions it needed from Japan, China has to agree to Japanese conditions on Germany getting Shandong in South East China, China has to consult Japan when important officials are appointed in South Manchuria or Eastern Inner Mongolia (the land that would become Manchukuo). - GMD: SECOND SINO- JAPANESE WAR: - Japan wanted to expand into Manchugo as it was rich in resources, they exported ¼ of their exports there, and they had a growing population. They staged an attack which they blamed on the Chinese, and already had influence from the 21 demands so they invaded and took over Manchugo. They then attacked Marco Polo bridge and took Beijing, and swept down the Eastern seaboard. The CCP and GMD fought back, sometimes united sometimes not. The CCP launched the hundred regiments campaign where they defeated 100 Japanese regiments. CCP more popular amongst public. The GMD traded land for time. In the Xian incident the GMD arrested Jiang Jieshi for trading land for time, and gave him to the CCP assuming he would be killed, the CCP released him in exchange for Jiang saying he would leave the CCP alone. The GMD carried out forced conscription. The Japanese treated the Chinese terribly – they carried out the Rape of Nanjing. The Americans helped the GMD against the Japanese. The Americans dropped 2 atomic bombs on Japan to make them surrender. Japan surrendered. America airlifted 1 million troops to North East China so that the Japanese would surrender to the GMD. Didn’t work Japan surrendered to the CCP. China became Communist. America only recognised the GMD as the official government, despite the GMD being in Taiwan. America told the CCP to do as the GMD said.

Answer 10

1949 After 1949 America saw China as part of the dangerous expansion of Communism. They said they had ‘lost China’ to Communism. China felt they weren’t lost to it, they had just decided to be communist. America was worried about this from Russia too, and had formed the Truman Doctrine (a set of intentions to try and stop the world becoming Communist by promising military assistance), the Marshall Plan (money to encourage countries to be Capitalist) and NATO (a military pact to help countries stay Capitalist). Reunification Mao needed to ensure China was strong and united after the revolution, so he sent the PLA to suppress uprisings and ensure rebellious provinces complied in Tibet (in the South West with their own very different culture and religion), Xinjiang (in the West, Muslim and influenced by Russia) and Guangdong (in the South). The Americans again saw this as the aggressive expansion of Communism. The CCP saw this as them getting control over their own country. America sent CIA agents to try and help the Tibetans in an uprising against the PLA, although this was on a small scale. GMD America recognised GMD controlled Taiwan as China. America supplied the nationalists in Taiwan with finance and weaponry. America also persuaded the UN to impose a trade embargo on the PRC. The US navy patrolled the seas between China and Taiwan, and they signed a pact pledging to support the GMD in Taiwan. They put sophisticated weapons in Taiwan – including nuclear missiles. Mao sometimes threatened the ships and shelled nearby islands to look like he was about to invade. In 1958 it looked like Mao was about to invade with troop movements, although he aborted at the last minute. Korea was split into a Communist North and Capitalist South in 1945. In 1950 the Communist North Korea invaded South Korea to try and spread Communism. The UN sent an army, made up of mostly American soldiers to stop them. The Chinese sent soldiers to fight the North Koreans. The American soldiers were now fighting Chinese soldiers. America thought China had planned the invasion, although they hadn’t it was actually Russia. America became extremely worried about China exploding its own H-bomb in 1967, especially as Mao didn’t seem worried about nuclear warfare. America began to feel for the safety of the world that they needed to get along. During the Cultural Revolution the Chinese attacked international diplomats in China, and they attacked some Westerners abroad. Some countries others attack the Chinese back. Mao tried to start an anti-Western uprising in Hong-Kong, but it didn’t work. In 1971 America announced that the PRC should replace Taiwan in the UN, as they were worried about China’s nuclear capabilities, and they looked like they were a party who were here to stay in charge of China. The PRC also realised they needed to work with America and diplomatic talks began. This was partly as their relationship with the USSR was deteriorating and they needed a different powerful ally. The USSR was trying to get closer to the USA at the same time, but China wanted to beat them to it. This culminated in Nixon visiting Mao in Beijing in February of 1972. The two leaders got on well and it was a success – they agreed that they should have continuing Sino-American contacts, that there should be commercial and cultural exchanges, and to work together on Taiwan. They were still suspicious of each other, but China would let Nixon in a bit. Sino-American relations softened as Deng cut military spending and troop numbers, and he instead focused resources on weaponry as part of his fourth modernisation. Deng In 1979 the PRC and America established full diplomatic relations and Deng accepted a presidential invitation to visit the USA. He was met by enthusiastic crowds, although suspicion still existed. America still criticised their human rights record, as they do today, but they were less critical of it and it didn’t come in to other discussions about trade and international relations, in the same way it had before. Deng worked to improve trade as part of his four modernisations. Deng was pragmatic and knew he had to work with America. America criticised them in the cultural genocide of Tibet where the CCP tried to remove Tibetan culture. They supported the Dalai Lama (the Buddhist leader in Tibet) receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, which was a political message showing they didn’t approve of China’s actions in Tibet. America approved of Deng’s announcement of one country two systems, where mainland China with the vast majority of the population would follow communism, and Taiwan and Hong Kong were still the same country, but could follow a different system of capitalism. Deng continued to insist the PRC had a right to rule all of China, although Taiwan could have some autonomy. Deng believed the USSR’s Communism had collapsed as they had been in unrealistic as they hadn’t developed their economy properly, cut back on an unaffordable arms race, or established a positive relationship with America. Deng was determined not to make the same mistake for the sake of communism. He worked to improve relations with America. America approved of China’s improved relations with Japan, positive treatment of Hong Kong, admission to the IMF, and the World Bank. However, America disapproved of China supporting North Korea in diplomatic relations.

Answer 11

- in 1854 Britains renegotiated teh terms of the treaty of nianjing and demanded: all Chinese ports be fully open to British trade, china accepts that the opium imports from India and Burma are legal, British imports are free form levies, permanent embassy with full diplomatic powers established in Beijing - for 2 years the Manchu government delayed giving a clear response - oct 1854 canton police impounded Arrow, a ship known to be smuggling opium and piracy - Arrow sailed with a British flag and its Hong Kong owners appealed to Britain who demanded the ship be released. - the Chinese were again slow to react so Britain sanctioned the shelling on canton with British warships - France, Russia and the USA formed a coalition. 1857, a ango-french coalition seized canton. 1858 Anglo-french coalition brought port of tianjin in Beijing under European control

Answer 12

- treaty of tianjin 1858 - 11 Chinese ports to be opened up to trade. Britain France, Russia and the US allowed to set up embassies in Beijing - foreigners entitled to travel to china to complete missionary work and trade without restrictions Yangzi river opened up to foreign shipping including war ships - foreign and Chinese Christian’s allowed to worship freely without intereference from the govt - china had to pay $10 million silver dollars to Britain and France - $5 million in reparations to British merchants for their losses in fighting In 1860 Britain and France claimed that china was not putting in place these actions and attacked and burnt down the summer palace in Beijing. The British high commissioner claimed that this was in retaliation for the killing of two British journalists. Convention of Beijing 1860 - oct 1860 accepted convention of Beijing which ratified the treaty of Tianjin - added concessions: port of Kowloon granted to Britain on a permanent basis Manchu govt granted permission for Chinese to go to North America and work as indentured labourers

international relations Flashcards

(36 cards)