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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the consensus on the causes of war?

A

There is no consensus on the causes of war; they are often multicausal with immediate, underlying, and proximate causes.

Causes can be specific and overlapping.

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2
Q

What are some causes of war between countries?

A
  • Economic Resources
  • Policy Disagreements
  • Political Regime Type
  • Ethnic Identity
  • Territorial Disputes

Each cause can lead to military conflicts or MIDs.

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3
Q

What does Woodrow Wilson state about the causes of war?

A

There is always more than one cause for war, and it is important to trace causal pathways.

This reflects the complexity of attributing weight to different causes.

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4
Q

Define the cause of war according to the lecture.

A

The conflict of interest that causes one state or another to escalate to the threat or actual use of military force.

This definition emphasizes the role of interests in the escalation to war.

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5
Q

What can scarcity of economic resources lead to?

A

Inter-state war and militarized interstate disputes (MIDs).

Example: The 1967 Arab-Israeli War.

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6
Q

What are some examples of policy disagreements that may lead to war?

A
  • Arctic oil drilling
  • LGBTQ and human rights abuses
  • Diaspora mistreatment
  • Weaponry use

The 2007 Israel-Syria MID was a specific example over nuclear development capabilities.

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7
Q

What role do political regime types play in conflicts of interest?

A

Disagreements over the type of political regimes can lead to conflicts, sometimes resulting in the use of force to remove repressive regimes.

Examples: Afghanistan 2001, Iraq 2003, Libya 2011.

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8
Q

How can ethnic identity contribute to the causes of war?

A

Identity issues along religious, cultural, linguistic, or ethnic lines can lead to conflicts, including expansionist or secessionist conflicts.

Example: The 1999 NATO-Serbia-Kosovo conflict.

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9
Q

What are territorial disputes and their potential impact?

A

Territorial disputes involve disagreement over possession or sovereignty of land and have a high potential for military conflict.

Example: Taiwan-PRC disputes.

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10
Q

What are the three types of causality in war?

A
  • Immediate
  • Underlying
  • Distant

Immediate causes are direct triggers, underlying causes are pre-existing conditions, and distant causes are broad contextual factors.

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11
Q

What is the Realist view of war?

A

War is seen as a continuation of politics by another means, emphasizing survival and self-defense in an anarchic international system.

This view highlights power as a central attribute of inter-state relations.

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12
Q

What do Marxist theories attribute as the roots of war?

A

Capitalism and imperialism, specifically through competition and expansionism.

This perspective focuses on economic factors as primary causes.

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13
Q

According to the Liberal view, what fosters peace?

A

The importance of regimes, institutions, cooperation, interdependence, and the idea that democracies do not go to war with one another.

Wealth and prosperity create mutual interests, fostering peace.

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14
Q

What does the Constructivist view state about war?

A

War is what states make of it, emphasizing the intersubjective nature of state behavior and interactions.

Wendt’s perspective highlights that anarchy is constructed by state actions.

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15
Q

What is the conclusion regarding the causes of war?

A

Causes of war are viewed as conflicts of interests that can threaten or lead to the use of force, with causes being overlapping and varied in nature.

Theories disagree on the specific causes of war.

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16
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A
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18
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A
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19
Q

Who is the author of the essay ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’

A

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

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20
Q

What is the primary focus of Spivak’s essay?

A

The ability of marginalized groups, specifically subalterns, to have a voice in discourse.

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21
Q

True or False: Spivak argues that subalterns can effectively speak for themselves in dominant discourses.

A

False

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22
Q

What term does Spivak use to refer to groups that are socially, politically, and geographically outside the hegemonic power structure?

A

Subaltern

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: Spivak critiques Western intellectuals for __________ the voices of the subaltern.

A

speaking for

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24
Q

What does Spivak suggest is necessary for subalterns to be heard?

A

A rethinking of representation and power dynamics.

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25
What is one major critique Spivak has about feminist discourse?
It often overlooks the voices and experiences of women in the Global South.
26
Multiple Choice: What does Spivak identify as a significant barrier to subalterns speaking?
B) The dominance of colonial and patriarchal narratives.
27
What does Spivak mean by 'strategic essentialism'?
The temporary use of essentialist identities for political purposes.
28
True or False: Spivak believes that it is possible for subalterns to fully articulate their own identities without external influence.
False
29
What historical context does Spivak reference in her discussion of the subaltern?
Colonialism and its aftermath.
30
What is one example of a subaltern group mentioned by Spivak?
Women in post-colonial societies.
31
Fill in the blank: Spivak argues that the term 'subaltern' is __________ and context-dependent.
fluid
32
What literary technique does Spivak employ to illustrate her points?
Deconstruction
33
Multiple Choice: According to Spivak, what role does the intellectual play in relation to the subaltern?
C) They should facilitate the subaltern's voice without appropriating it.
34
What is the significance of the phrase 'Can the subaltern speak?' in Spivak's argument?
It questions the conditions under which marginalized voices can be heard.
35
True or False: Spivak believes that any representation of the subaltern is inherently exploitative.
True
36
What does Spivak argue about the relationship between power and knowledge?
Power shapes knowledge, and knowledge shapes power.
37
Fill in the blank: Spivak emphasizes the importance of __________ in understanding the subaltern's position.
intersectionality
38
What does Spivak suggest is a critical outcome of colonial discourse?
The silencing of subaltern voices.
39
Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes Spivak's view on representation?
A) It is complex and often problematic.
40
What role does language play in the subaltern's ability to speak, according to Spivak?
Language can both empower and limit the expression of subaltern identities.
41
True or False: Spivak advocates for a single narrative to represent all subaltern experiences.
False
42
What does Spivak identify as a necessary step for understanding subaltern voices?
Engagement with their specific contexts and histories.
43
Fill in the blank: Spivak's work calls for a critical examination of __________ in post-colonial theory.
representation
44
What does Spivak mean by 'subject-effects'?
Subject-effects refer to the ways in which individuals are formed and shaped by cultural and social contexts.
45
True or False: 'Subject-effects' imply that individuals have a fixed identity.
False
46
Fill in the blank: According to Spivak, 'subject-effects' are influenced by ________ and ________ structures.
power; knowledge
47
What role do power dynamics play in Spivak's concept of 'subject-effects'?
Power dynamics shape how individuals perceive themselves and are perceived by others.
48
Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes 'subject-effects'?
The formation of identity through cultural contexts.
49
Short Answer: How does Spivak relate 'subject-effects' to postcolonial theory?
She uses 'subject-effects' to illustrate how colonial histories impact individual identities.
50
True or False: 'Subject-effects' suggest that individuals are entirely autonomous.
False
51
What is a key outcome of understanding 'subject-effects' according to Spivak?
It leads to a deeper awareness of the complexities of identity formation.
52
Fill in the blank: Spivak argues that 'subject-effects' can be both ________ and ________.
liberating; constraining
53
Multiple Choice: Which of the following does NOT relate to 'subject-effects'?
Static identity formation.
54
Short Answer: How does globalization relate to Spivak's concept of 'subject-effects'?
Globalization complicates subject-effects by introducing new cultural influences.
55
True or False: 'Subject-effects' are only relevant to marginalized groups.
False
56
What is the relationship between 'subject-effects' and agency according to Spivak?
Subject-effects can limit or enhance individual agency.
57
Fill in the blank: The concept of 'subject-effects' challenges the notion of a ________ self.
unified
58
Multiple Choice: Which scholar's work does Spivak build upon when discussing 'subject-effects'?
Michel Foucault.
59
Short Answer: Why is the concept of 'subject-effects' significant in feminist theory?
It addresses how gender identities are constructed through social discourses.
60
True or False: 'Subject-effects' can be understood in isolation from social contexts.
False
61
What does Spivak suggest about the fluidity of identity in relation to 'subject-effects'?
Identity is fluid and constantly shaped by various influences.
62
Fill in the blank: Spivak's analysis of 'subject-effects' is a critique of ________ approaches to identity.
essentialist
63
Multiple Choice: Which aspect of identity does Spivak's 'subject-effects' primarily address?
Cultural and social influences.
64
Short Answer: How can 'subject-effects' inform social justice movements?
By highlighting how identities are constructed and can be transformed.
65
True or False: 'Subject-effects' imply that individuals are solely products of their environments.
False
66
What is a potential critique of the concept of 'subject-effects'?
It may downplay individual agency and responsibility.
67
Fill in the blank: Spivak emphasizes the importance of ________ in understanding 'subject-effects'.
context
68
Multiple Choice: 'Subject-effects' can best be described as a framework for understanding _________.
identity formation.
69
Short Answer: In what way does Spivak connect 'subject-effects' to intersectionality?
She illustrates how multiple identities intersect to shape subjectivity.

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