Internet Layer (IPv4)

Question 1

Private IPv4 ranges (list any two).

Answer 1

10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16.

Question 2

What does the IPv4 Time-To-Live (TTL) field do and what happens if the starting TTL is too small?

Answer 2

TTL prevents endless routing loops by subtracting 1 at every hop. * A very small initial value can make the packet expire (dropped) before it reaches its target.

Question 3

Why can an excessively large initial TTL be risky?

Answer 3

If a routing loop occurs the packet may circulate for a long time, wasting bandwidth and congesting the network.

Question 4

What does the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 (/24) tell you?

Answer 4

One Class-C–sized network, 254 usable host addresses, one network address and one broadcast address.