Internetworking - PL Flashcards
1
Q
that’s connected using a hub, which is basically just an antiquated device that connects wires together.
A
Local Area Network
2
Q
Dividing a large network into smaller segments to improve performance and security.
A
Network Segmentation
3
Q
Break up broadcast domains efficiently.
A
Router
4
Q
Allow communication between different networks.
A
Router
5
Q
Provide connections to Wide Area Network (WAN) services.
A
Router
6
Q
Forwards or filters frames using logical addressing.
A
Packet Switching
7
Q
Filters network traffic based on Layer 3 (Network layer) info like IP addresses.
A
Packet Filthering
8
Q
Connects multiple networks using logical addressing (IPv4 or IPv6).
A
Internetwork Communication
9
Q
Determines the best path for data transmission.
A
Path Selection
10
Q
Break up collision domains on a LAN.
A
Switches and Bridges
11
Q
Connect wireless devices (e.g., computers, tablets, printers) to the network.
A
WLAN Devices
12
Q
What are the causes of LAN Traffic Congestions?
A
- Too many hosts in a collision or broadcast domain.
- Broadcast storms (excessive broadcast traffic).
- Excessive multicast traffic.
Low bandwidth. - Adding hubs for network connectivity.
- Numerous ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) broadcasts.
13
Q
A set of devices on a network segment that can receive broadcast frames from each other.
A
Broadcast Domain
14
Q
Routers do not forward broadcasts by default.
A
Broadcast Domain
15
Q
A scenario in Ethernet networks where a packet sent by one device forces all other devices on the same segment to listen.
A
Collision Domain
16
Q
These help in breaking up collision domains.
A
Bridges and Switches
17
Q
Network security systems that monitor and control incoming and outgoing traffic.
A
Firewalls
18
Q
Operate based on predefined security rules.
A
Firewalls
19
Q
Typically integrated with Intrusion Protection Systems (IPS).
A
Firewalls
20
Q
Allow wireless devices to connect to a wired network.
A
Access Point
21
Q
Extend a Collision Domain from a switch
A
Access Point
22
Q
Usually part of a Virtual LAN
A
Access Point
23
Q
Can be standalone or managed by wireless controllers
A
Access Point
24
Q
Mange multiple APs either locally or through the internet
A
Wireless Controllers
25
Meaning of OSI Model
Open System Interconnection
26
This provides guidelines for application and network development.
Logical Model
27
When and Who created the OSI Model
Created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the late 1970s.
28
Serves as the primary architectural model for networks, describing how data is communicated from one computer's application to another.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
29
Establishes a framework for networking standards, devices, and internetworking schemes.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
30
Breaks the communication process into layers.
OSI Model
31
The OSI Model is divided into two parts. WHat are they?
Upper Layer and Lower Layer
32
Handle communication between applications and end users.
Upper Layer
33
Manage end-to-end data transmission.
Lower Layer
34
These are the Devices operating at all seven OSI layers
- Network Management Stations (NMSs)
- Web and Application Servers
- Gateways (excluding default gateways)
- Servers
- Network Hosts
35
A conceptual blueprint outlining how communications should occur.
Reference Model
36
Divides communication processes into logical groupings for a hierarchical or layered architecture.
Reference Model
37
Group similar functions to simplify communication and troubleshooting.
Layers
38
Maintain a structured flow of data across networks.
Layers
39
Divides network communication into smaller, manageable components for easier development and troubleshooting.
Modularity
40
Enables development by multiple vendors through standardization.
Interoperability
41
Standardization: Clearly defines functions at each layer, promoting industry-wide standards.
Standardization:
42
Allows diverse hardware and software to communicate.
Compatibility:
43
Changes in one layer do not affect other layers, accelerating development.
Isolation
44
The layer where users interact with the computer.
Application Layer
45
Activates only when network access is required.
Application Layer
46
Functions of Application Layer
- File Transfers
- Email Communication
- Remote Access
- Network Management
- Client/Server Processes
- Information Location
47
Acts as the translator for the OSI model.
Presentation Layer
48
Data Translation: Converts data into a standard format before transmission.
Data Translation
49
Ensures compatibility between different encoding systems.
Code Formatting
50
Ensures successful data transfer by maintaining a consistent data format.
Presentation Layer
51
Manages sessions between Presentation layer entities.
Session Layer
52
Establishes communication sessions
Session Setup
53
Maintains ongoing sessions.
Session Management
54
Dismantles sessions after communication ends.
Session Termination
55
Manages data exchange between devices.
Dialog Control
56
One-way communication without any reply (e.g., broadcast messages).
Simplex
57
Two-way communication but in one direction at a time (e.g., walkie-talkies).
Half-Duplex
58
Simultaneous two-way communication (e.g., phone calls).
Full-Duplex
59
Segments and reassembles data into a single data stream.
Transport Layer
60
Provides end-to-end data transport and establishes a logical connection between sending and receiving hosts.
Transport Layer
61
Manages multiple communication sessions.
Multiplexing
62
Sets up and tears down virtual circuits.
Session Establishment and Termination
63
Ensures data integrity by preventing overflow at the receiving host.
Flow Control
64
Retransmits segments if not acknowledged.
Error Checking and Recovery
65
Request to establish a connection.
SYN (Synchornization)
66
Confirms the request and syncs sequence numbers.
SYN/ACK (Acknowledgment)
67
Confirms the connection is established, and data transfer begins.
ACK (Final Acknowledgment)
68
Uses Sequencing and Acknowledgments for reliable data transfer.
Connection-Oriented Communication
69
Maintains Flow Control to manage data flow and avoid congestion.
Connection-Oriented Communication
70
Defines the amount of data (in bytes) that can be sent before receiving an acknowledgment.
Windowing
71
Reliable data delivery ensures the integrity of a stream of data sent from one machine to the other through a fully functional data link.
Acknowledgement
72
Retransmits data if no acknowledgment is received.
Positive Acknowledgment with Retransmission:
73
Manages device addressing, tracks device locations, and determines best data paths.
Network Layer
74
Used to transport user data.
Data Packets
75
Protocols supporting data traffic (e.g., IP, IPv6).
Routed Protocols
76
Protocol-specific addresses for routing.
Network Addresses
77
Exit interface for packet forwarding.
Interface
78
Distance to the remote network (varies by routing protocol).
Metric
79
What are the Routers Characteristics
- Do not forward broadcast or multicast packets by default.
- Use Logical Addresses for next-hop routing.
- Can use Access Lists for security control.
- Can provide Layer 2 bridging and Layer 3 routing simultaneously.
- Enable connections between Virtual LANs (VLANs).
- Provide Quality of Service (QoS) for specific network traffic.
80
Ensures physical data transmission with error notification, network topology, and flow control.
Data Link Layer
81
This layer ensures that messages are delivered to the proper device on a LAN using hardware addresses.
Data Link Layer
82
This layer formats the messages, each called a data frame.
Data Link Layer
83
Manages data packet placement on media and controls access.
Media Access Control
84
Identifies Network layer protocols and manages flow control and sequencing.
Logical Link Control
85
Break up collision domains.
Switches and Bridges
86
Uses Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) for high-speed bridging
Layer 2 Switching
87
Meaning of ASIC
Application-Specific Integrated Circuits
88
The signal path through a physical topology.
Logical Topology
89
Handles bit-level transmission and reception (binary 0s and 1s).
Physical Layer
90
Interfaces directly with communication media (e.g., cables, wireless signals).
Physical Layer
91
It receives a digital signal, reamplifies or regenerates that signal, then forwards it to the other port.
Repeater
92
It sends a digital signal to all of the other ports.
Hub
93
Physical layout of devices and cabling.
Physical Topology
94
Signal path through the physical layout.
Logical Topology
95
All devices connected to a single cable; shared bandwidth.
Bus
96
Devices connected in a circle; data travels in one direction.
Ring
97
Central device (e.g., switch) connects all devices; most common Ethernet layout.
Star
98
Every device is interconnected for high reliability and self-healing.
Mesh
99
Combines features of other topologies (e.g., Ethernet uses a star layout but signals travel like a bus).
Hybrid
100
What are the Seven Layers of the OSI Model
- Physical Layer
- Data Link Layer
- Network Layer
- Transport Layer
- Session Layer
- Presentation Layer
- Application Layer
