interpersonal attractions

Question 1

socially meaningful groups contain group members who are ______________ to one another.

Answer 1

attracted

Question 2

define interpersonal attraction.

Answer 2

a person’s desire to approach another person for various needs

Question 3

define social isolation.

Answer 3

when one is deprived of close contact with others

Question 4

what is an example of social isolation?

Answer 4

solitary-confinement cells on the past

Question 5

why does social isolation lead to decline in physical and mental health?

Answer 5

1. no physical support from others
   - easier to get sick, longer to recovery
2. no emotional support
   - sharing of common goal
3. absence of info that is crucial to do well and survive in an environment

Question 6

what is anthropomorphism?

Answer 6

tendency to imbue non-human things with human mental traits and physical characteristics (mentalisation)

Question 6

under anthropomorphism, humans are _________________ to faces.

Answer 6

hypersensitive

Question 7

what were the IV and DV in the “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008?

Answer 7

IV - social loneliness

DV - anthropomorphism of gadgets

Question 8

what is the result of the “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008?

Answer 8

• the lonelier people were, the more likely they saw the gadgets in anthropomorphic terms
• no correlation in mechanical traits

Question 9

what are some examples of anthropomorphic traits and some of mechanical traits of the gadgets in the “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008?

Answer 9

anthropomorphic traits (human like features):
- a mind of its own
- intentions
- free will
- consciousness

mechanical traits (functionality)
- attractive
- efficient

Question 10

what were the IV and DV in the “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008 (experimental version)?

Answer 10

IV - loneliness

DV - anthropomorphism of pets

Question 11

does “lonely eyes see human minds” study prove loneliness causes anthropomorphism?

Answer 11

no. correlation not equal to causation.

Question 12

what are some examples of anthropomorphic traits and some of behavioural traits of the pets in the “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008 (experimental version)?

Answer 12

anthropmorphic traits:
- thoughtful
- considerate
- sympathetic

behavioural traits:
- aggressive
- agile
- active
- energetic

Question 13

wht is the result of the “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008 (experimental version)?

Answer 13

“cast away” viewers described pets with more anthropomorphic traits than behavioural traits

Question 14

the experimental version of “lonely eyes see human minds” study by Epley et al, 2008 found that loneliness has a _______ and unique effect on anthropomorphism. when we are deprived of ________ connections, we create ______ around us when there is none.

Answer 14

causal; social; minds

Question 15

anthropomorphism reflects our desire to connect socially. to connect with people, we have first be ___________ in them

Answer 15

interested

Question 16

what are the 3 big factors that drive interpersonal attraction?

Answer 16

1. characteristics of person
   - need to belong: basic need to form and maintain meaningful lasting r/s w people
2. characteristics of target
   - physical attractiveness
3. characteristics between person and target
   - reciprocal liking
   - physical proximity
   - silmilarity

Question 17

why are some people beautiful on the outside and inside?

Answer 17

• people like you more and treat you better because you are beautiful on the outside
• positive, healthy social interactions
• become very good at social skills. beautiful on the inside
• even more attractive and popular to others

Question 18

what are some unrelated benefits pretty people get?

Answer 18

1. better grades
2. better jobs, higher pay
3. more votes in elections
4. lighter sentences for crimes

Question 19

what are 3 causes of attraction wrt to characteristics between the person and his/her target?

Answer 19

1. reciprocal liking
2. physical proximity
3. similarity

Question 20

3 causes of attraction wrt to characteristics between the person and his/her target are:

1. reciprocal liking
   - applies not only in ____________ but also in interpersonal attraction
   - we like those who ______ us
2. physical proximity
   - encourages _________ of interactions
   - mere anticipation of interactions breeds _____ feelings
   - feeling ______ with someone is enough to invoke liking (mere exposure effect)
3. similarity
   - smoother ________ _______________ wih others that are similar to us; don’t argue all the time
   - social __________: feels supported due to similar views, opinions and attitudes about things

Answer 20

1. compliance; like
2. chances; warm; familiar
3. social interactions; validation

Question 21

in the mere exposure effect study by zajonc in 1968, what were the IV and DV?

Answer 21

IV - level of exposure
DV - liking

Question 22

what were the results of the mere exposure effect study by zajonc, 1968?

Answer 22

frequent words rated more positively (more exposure, more familiar, more liking)

Question 23

what are 2 implications of the mere exposure effect study?

Answer 23

1. interpersonal attraction
2. advertisements

Question 24

what is the ultimate goal of humans, as suggested by evolutionary theories?

Answer 24

reproduction - produce offspring, pass on genes

Question 25

what did Buss (1989, 1993) predict on sex differences with mate preferences? [hint: resources, social power, youth and health]

Answer 25

1. women more attracted to men with resources and social power than those with youth and health 2. men more attracted to women with youth and health than those with resources and social power

Question 26

in the 70s to early 90s, sex differences with mate preferences suggested by Buss (men attracted to women with youth and health and women attracted to men with social power and resources) were highly stable and observed in many studies done in that period. however, in modern times, studies suggest that sex differences on mate preferences are not set in stone. 1. when women's _________ power increases, they prefer men with more appealing __________ ______________ instead of _________ and ____________ 2. in short-term r/s, men and women both value _______ __________ over other qualities

Answer 26

1. economic; physical attractiveness; resources; social power 2. physical attractiveness

Question 27

what is the main reason for sex differences in mate preferences in humans?

Answer 27

necessity before luxury

Question 28

in the mate coins study by Li et al, 2002), what were the IV and DV? the perceived _________ in our situation is the __________ in sex differences with mate preferences in humans

Answer 28

IV - constraints DV - importance of traits constraints; moderator

Question 29

what maintains not only close, but also typical relationships and keeps them from falling apart?

Answer 29

social exchange

Question 30

define social exchange theory

Answer 30

a theory that described r/s satisfaction in terms of subjective calculations of rewards and cost

Question 31

in relationships, people want to ______ benefits and _____ costs. give some examples of benefits and costs.

Answer 31

maximise; minimise benefits: love, power, companionship, gratification, acceptance, support, anything enjoyable costs: effort that keeps r/s running, conflicts, compromises, sacrifices

Question 32

what 2 other considerations do people have in maintaining relationships under the social exchange theory, besides costs and benefits?

Answer 32

1. the kind of r/s expected (what kinds of costs and rewards do i expect from this person?) 2. chances of having better r/s elsewhere

Question 33

in the social exchange theory, what happens when rewards exceed costs? what about when costs exceed rewards? name 3.

Answer 33

1. stay in r/s 2. a) consider leaving r/s b) increase rewards c) decrease costs d) consider CL alternatives (kinds of r/s expected and chances of better r/s elsewhere) e) adjust expectations or deservingness (also cognitive dissonance) eg. "i dont deserve happiness", "i don't need so much from this r/s" - leads to abuse

Question 34

besides the social exchange theory, what is the other factor that maintains relationships?

Answer 34

investment model of commitment (rusbult, 1983)

Question 35

in keeping r/s from falling apart and maintaining r/s, the social exchange theory is all about _____________ and focuses on the ___________ whereas the investment model is about ____________ and focuses on both ____ and ____________.

Answer 35

satisfaction; present; commitment; past; present

Question 36

define investment wrt to the investment model of commitment by rusbult, 1983.

Answer 36

tangible/intangible resources put into r/s that cannot be retrieved if that r/s ends eg. time, effort, money, common friends, memories, inside jokes

Question 37

what does the investment model of commitment (rusbult, 1983) say?

Answer 37

more investment - stronger commitment

Question 38

1. satisfaction level in a r/s consists of which 3 factors? 2. satisfaction level and which 2 other factors contribute to commitment? 3. commitment is the deciding factor on whether to stay in or ______ a r/s.

Answer 38

1. rewards, costs, comparison level 2. quality of alts, investment 3. leave

Question 39

which determines the decision to stay in or leave a relationship? satisfaction or commitment?

Answer 39

commitment

Question 40

2 kinds of relationships are exchange and communal. what are the differences between these 2?

Answer 40

exchange - strict reciprocacy expected (strangers, new r/s, business) communal - expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each other's needs (lovers, family, close friends)