Interpersonal Relationships and Self in Social Contexts Flashcards
Define Affiliation
Innate motive that contributes to the initiation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships
What emotion increases the desire to affiliate?
Anxiety
highly anxious people prefer other highly anxious people - misery loves company
What physiological factor affects desire to affiliate?
Arousability
(the degree to which one becomes physiologically aroused by external stimuli - i.e., the presence of others)
introverts - high arousability- less likely to affiliate with others
extroverts- low arousability - more likely to affiliate with others
Which gender spends more time in conversation, are more likely to talk to the same sex, and affiliate more in public spaces?
Women
Women have more ____________ relationships with the same sex, while men are more _______ of the same sex.
- intimate
- tolerant
Attraction is affected by these three factors…
Competence
(we tend to like competent, intelligent people more, especially when they occasionally make small blunders)
Similarity
(we are more attracted to people who are similar to ourselves - similarity in attitudes is most important)
Reciprocity
(we like those who like us and dislike those who dislike us)
Attraction is maximized when the other person’s evaluation is…
initially negative but then becomes positive
The gain-loss effect is most likely to occur when…
a person’s change in opinion is gradual and reflects a true change of heart
How do men and women differ with regard to the qualities that attract them to a romantic partner?
Men focus more on physical attractiveness
Women focus more on status and resources
What is a major threat to a man’s reproductive goals?
How is jealousy elicited by men?
- the chance that another man will impregnate his wife
- sexual infidelity elicits jealousy in men
What is a major threat to a woman’s reproductive goals?
How is jealousy elicited by women?
- the change that her man will become emotionally involved with another woman
- emotional infidelity elicits jealousy in women
What is the emotion-in-relationship model
strong emotions are generated when a partner engages in behaviors that violate expectations
Social Exchange Theory
predicts that the decision to leave a relationship depends on the relationships costs and rewards
more predictive of less close relationships
According to Equity Theory…
our perception of equity (fairness) in relationships is more important that costs/rewards
Social _______ is a more potent determinant of affiliation than relief of discomfort is
comparison
think misery loves miserable company
Self-Schemas
self-concept that is comprised of multiple elements
loosely connected and sometimes contradictory elements
Core self-schemas are ….
cognitive generalizations of self
stable and salient across all situations
Peripheral Self-Schemas are embedded in __________ _______ but are more____________ and tied to ___________ conditions
- core schemas
- malleable
- social
Barnum Effect
AKA Forer Effect
tendency for people to accept vague or general descriptions as accurate descriptions of themselves
believing in horoscopes is an example of this
Overjustification Hypothesis states that when an _____________- reward is given to a person for performing an intrinsically rewarding activity, intrinsic interest in the activity ___________
- external
- decreases
Social Comparison Theory states that, in the absence of objective standards, people tend to…
evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to others
Social comparisons most often involve people who are _____________ in terms of attitudes, performance, etc.
similar
Dissimilar (downward) comparisons are made when evaluating an _______________
undesirable behavior
Self-Verification Theory posits that…
people tend to pay attention to information that is consistent with their self-concept
AND
people prefer to interact with others who also confirm their self-views
