Interregional Trade and Exchange

Question 0

Expansion of the Mongol Empire into Russia

Answer 0

reach Russia 1237 til 1240, Mongols (Tartars)(Russians call them) the only successful winter invasion of Russia history
city Kiev burned to ground
tribute empire “The Golden Horde”
Peasants gave up land to aristocrats to be protected from Mongols
stronger position of Orthodox Church by making metropolitan the head of Russian church
Mongol kept Russia isolated from W Europe Renaissance=>couldn’t commercial or cultural contacts with West=>led to misunderstanding in future

Then next goal: Europe
couldn’t do Hungary 1240
succession issues gave up in capital of Karakorum in Mongolia

Question 1

Mongols

Answer 1

Song overcome by them
pastoral nomads from Asian Steppes
15th century end: conquer China, Persia, Russia=>control largest area
in charge of trade btw Europe and Asia
brought bubonic plague to 3 continents
horsemen; traded w/ agricultural people
Mongol women had right to speak in tribal councils
masters of steppe diplomacy: alliance w/ other pastoral groups and eliminate rivals
Temujin=>Chinggis Khan 1206
Khan: ultimate ruler
new military unites with allegiance to himself
masters of shortbow and horsemen
other weapons and such
Chinggis Khan died 1227: Mongols controlled empire from N China to E Persia
rather collect tribute than listen to the conquereds’ complaints
tolerent to religion and sometimes adopted religion

Question 2

Khan

Answer 2

ultimate ruler (Mongols)

Question 3

metropolitan

Answer 3

head of the Orthodox Church

Question 4

The Mongols in Persia

Answer 4

decide not to do all Europe… too hard
turned to world of Islam
1258: Baghdad destroyed & Persia was added to Mongol Empire portion: Ilkhanate
Abbasid caliph killed by Mongols=>Islamic dynasty that ruled Persia for 500 years was over
Seljuk Turks defeated by Mongols 1243, weakening dominance in Anatolia
Ottoman turks took Anatolia (turkey)
Mongol in Islam ended 1260 w/ Mamluks, slaves, of Egypt

Question 5

Mongols in China

Answer 5

leader: Kubilai Khan, grandson of Chinggis Khan: looked at Song Empire
1271, Kubilai Khan control most China & began to refer to his administration of China as the Yuan dynasty
control china til Ming dynasty comes in 1368
Mongol rule:
chinese no learn Mongol language
no Intermarriage btw Mongols and Chinese
chinese civil service exam not reinstated
tolerated religion
chinese allowed position in local and regional govt
mongol women more free than chinese women (no footbinding) Mongol: move more freely; later, more strict on women
yuan used scholars and artisans
foreigners welcome at yuan court i.e. Marco Polo and family
Merchants higher status under Mongol than Chinese
no piracy, more trade
attempt expand w/ japan, but unsuccessful

Question 6

kamikaze

Answer 6

divine winds