Intersemes

Question 1

The recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs by the innate immune system primarily involves which of the following receptor families

Answer 1

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 2

damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are released by

Answer 2

host cells in response to stress injury or necrosis

Question 3

which of the following best defines pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Answer 3

molecular structures on the surface of pathogens recognized bu the innate immune system

Question 4

which of the following is a characteristic feature of chronic inflammation

Answer 4

presence of lymphocytes, macrophages and possibly granuloma formation

Question 5

which type of cell is typically the first responder to a site of inflammation and is capable of phagocytosis

Answer 5

neutrophils

Question 6

which of the following best describes the primary purpose of acute inflammation

Answer 6

to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and remove damaged tissue

Question 7

which molecule is crucial for the activation of the adaptive immune system by presenting antigens to T cells

Answer 7

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

Question 8

how does acute dehydration affect glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 8

decreases GFR due to reduced blood volume and pressure

Question 9

what effect does afferent arteriole dilatation have on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 9

increases GFR due to increased blood flow into the glomeruli

Question 10

which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 10

the rate at which plasma is filtered through the glomerulus per unit time

Question 11

renin is released by the kidneys in response to

Answer 11

decreased blood pressure

Question 12

which of the following substances is primarily filtered by the glomerulus and not reabsorbed, serving as a measure of kidney function

Answer 12

creatinine

Question 13

anemia in CKD is mainly due to

Answer 13

decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys

Question 14

which of the following pathological changes is characteristic of chronic kidney disease

Answer 14

decrease in the number of functioning nephrons

Question 15

which of the following is a common early sign of chronic kidney disease

Answer 15

proteinuria

Question 16

a 58 year old male patient with a long-standing history of hypertension presents with left ventricular hypertrophy. Which of the following pathophysiological processes is primarily responsible for this cardiac change?

Answer 16

increased afterload

Question 17

a 45 year old female patient with systemic arterial hypertension is most likely to have which of the following underlying mechanisms?

Answer 17

primary (essential) hypertensiony

Question 18

which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of hypertension in patients with renal artery stenosis

Answer 18

activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system leading to vasoconstriction and sodium retention

Question 19

a patient with asthma is likely to show which of the following changes in pulmonary function tests?

Answer 19

decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1/FVC ratio)

Question 20

in asthma, airway hiperresponsiveness leads to bronchoconstriction. Which of the following best describes the mechanism behind this hyperresponsiveness?

Answer 20

thickening of the airway due to chronic inflammation

Question 21

following an ischemic stroke, a patient has difficulty speaking and understanding language. This condition is knows as

Answer 21

aphasia

Question 22

which of the following risk factors is most strongly associated with hemorrhagic brain stroke?

Answer 22

hypertension

Question 23

a patient arrives in the emergency department with acute headache, vomiting, and loss of consciousness. The patients blood pressure is 220/120 mmhg. Which type of stroke is most likely?

Answer 23

hemorrhagic stroke due to hypertension

Question 24

which of the following symptoms is most consistent with left hemisphere stroke?

Answer 24

right-sided weakness

Question 25

a 65 year old male with a history of atrial fibrillation and hypertension presents with sudden onset of right-sided weakness and difficulty speaking. Which of the following is the most likely typo of stroke the patient is experiencing?

Answer 25

ischemic stroke due to embolism

Question 26

in diabetic neuropathy, autonomic dysfunction can lead to which of the following?

Answer 26

orthostatic hypotension

Question 27

a patient with diabetes reports experiencing severe pain in their feet described as "burning" and "electrical shocks". These symptoms are most indicative of which type of diabetic neuropathy?

Answer 27

sensory neuropathy

Question 28

a patient with diabetic neuropathy would most likely exhibit which of the following on physical examination?

Answer 28

loss of ankle reflexes

Question 29

which of the following is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy

Answer 29

distal symmetric polyneuropathy

Question 30

a 54 year old male with a 10year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents with numbness and tingling in his feet, which worsens at night. His medical history is significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Physical examination reveals decreased vibratory sensation in both feet. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is most likely responsible for his symptoms?

Answer 30

axonal degeneration secondary to chronic hyperglycemia

Question 31

what is the incompatibility Rh syndrome?

Answer 31

a hemolytic disease developed by the mother antibodies against Rh antigen on the intrauterine product (baby)

Question 32

people with blood type O+ can donate to everybody, why?

Answer 32

because they dont have antigens in the membrane

Question 33

which is an example of a macrocytic anemia

Answer 33

alcohol abuse-induced anemia

Question 34

which of the following is used to define whether an anemia is normocytic, microcytic or macrocytic

Answer 34

mean corpuscular volume

Question 35

which component of the blood os metabolized into bilirrubin

Answer 35

heme portion of the hemoglobin

Question 36

which of the following factors is necessary to differentiate an hemotopoietic stem cell to a neutrophil?

Answer 36

GM-CSF

Question 37

in order to separate blood components we must use a centrifuge, which is the heaviest blood component we see at the bottom of the sample

Answer 37

red blood cells

Question 38

a patient with a known diagnosis of rheumathoid arthritis develops anemia. Which of the following types of anemia is most commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 38

anemia of chronic disease

Question 39

which type of anemia is typically associated with a high reticulocyte count in the bloostream?

Answer 39

hemolytic anemia

Question 40

a patient is diagnosed with megaloblastic anemia. This condition is most likely due to a deficiency in which of the following

Answer 40

vitamin b12

Question 41

which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the development of anemia in chronic kidney disease

Answer 41

erythropoitin deficiency

Question 42

a 45year old female presents with fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath on exertion. Laboratory findings include a hemoglobin level of 9 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of 74 fL, and serum ferritin of 15 ng/mL. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Normal values: Hb >12g/dL; MCV: 80-100fL; serum ferritin: 24-300ng/mL; all in adult females.

Answer 42

iron deficiency anemia

Question 43

how do memory cells formed during an initial immune response benefit the body during a subsequet exposure to the same antigen

Answer 43

they immediately recognize and neutralize the antigen without activating the rest of the immune system