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Anatomy Exam 2 > Interval 8: Leg and foot > Flashcards

Interval 8: Leg and foot Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

What is the largest joint in the human body?

A

-Knee joint

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2
Q

What 3 bones articulate in the formation of the knee joint?

A

-femur, tibia, and patella

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3
Q

The articulation between the patella and femur is the _________ articulation. What is the larger one called?

A
  • patellofemoral articulation

- tibiofemoral is larger

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4
Q

T/F: the fibula does not take place in the articulation of the knee joint.

A

True

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5
Q

The support of the weight of the body on the vertically-posed ends of the 2 long bones is intrinsically an unstable arrangement, but the knee is secured by what 4 compensating mechanisms?

A
  1. 2-fold to 3-fold expansions of the weight bearing surfaces of the femur and tibia
  2. application to the joint of strong collateral intra-articular ligaments
  3. reinforcing tendons and aponeurosis
  4. strong capsule
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6
Q

The knee is strengthened by ligaments of the articular capsule and by ligaments inside the articular capsule. The ligaments of the articular capsule are?

A
  1. patella ligament
  2. oblique popliteal ligament
  3. arcuate ligament
  4. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
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7
Q

Patellar ligament

A
  • extension of the quadriceps tendon

- strengthens anterior and lateral parts of capsule

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8
Q

Oblique popliteal ligament is part of what tendon? and it works with the arcuate ligament to strengthen which dimension of the capsule?

A
  • semimembranosus tendon

- posterior support

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9
Q

The fibular collateral ligament strengthens the _____ side of the capsule, while the tibial collateral ligament strengthens the _______ side.

A
  • fibular: lateral

- tibial: medial

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10
Q

Where does the fibular collateral ligament extend from and to?

A

-from lateral epicondyle of femur to attach to the head of the fibula

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11
Q

Where does the tibial collateral ligament extend from and to?

A

-from medial epicondyle of femur to attach to the medial aspect of tibia

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12
Q

The deep fibers of the tibial collateral ligament are attached to the _________.

A

-medial meniscus

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13
Q

When are the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments the most taut?

A

-when knee is fully extended

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14
Q

Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments limit _________ of the knee when the knee is flexed

A

-abduction and adduction

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15
Q

What are the 2 important intra-articular ligaments?

A
  • anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
  • ACL and PCL
  • medial and lateral menisci
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16
Q

ACL arises from the rough, non-articular area anterior to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. It extends in what direction(s) to the posterior part of the medial surface of the ________.

A
  • posteriorly, superiorly, and laterally

- lateral femoral condyle

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17
Q

PCL is ____, ______, and _______ than the ACL

A

-stronger, shorter, and less oblique

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18
Q

The PCL arises from an area posterior to the tibial eminence and passes in what directions to the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle.

A

-anteriorly, superiorly, and medially

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19
Q

What do the ACL and PCL do?

A
  • prevent movements of the tibia forward and backward under the femoral condyles
  • ACL prevents anterior displacement, and PCL prevents posterior displacement
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20
Q

The ACL is most taut when? what is it resisting in this stance?

A
  • knee is extended

- resists hyperextension by preventing anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur

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21
Q

When is the PCL most taut and what it is resisting in this stance?

A
  • knee is flexed

- resists excessive flexion by preventing posterior displacement of tibia on femur

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22
Q

Role of medial and lateral menisci

A

-intracapsular, crescent-shaped fibrocartilages that attach to tibia and act as shock absorbers

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23
Q

Medial vs. lateral miniscus

A
  • medial: shape of the letter C, less mobile, and is attached to deep fibers of the tibial collateral ligament
  • lateral: shape of the letter o, more mobile, separated from the fibular collateral ligament by the tendon of the popliteus
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24
Q

What trio of injuries is called the terrible triad?

A

-rupture of tibial collateral ligament, tear of the ACL, injury to medial meniscus

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25
Like the elbow, the knee is also a ______ joint, and can thus be extended and flexed. Additionally, the knee can be _________.
- hinge joint | - hyperextended, and some lateral and medial rotation occurs during flexion and extension
26
What are the compartments of the leg?
-anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments
27
What muscle types are mainly contained within the compartments?
- anterior: muscles that produce extension (dorsiflexion) and inversion of foot - posterior: flexion (plantar flexion) and inversion - lateral: flexion (plantar flexion) and eversion
28
Another name for the ankle joint is.....
-talocrural joint
29
What articulations does the talocrural joint consist of?
- tibial and talus (tibiotalar joint) | - fibula and talus (talofibular joint)
30
What plane does the talocrural joint allow movement in?
-sagittal
31
Plantar flexion
-movement in which the angle between leg and foot increase
32
Dorsiflexion
-movement in which angle between foot and leg decreases
33
The subtalar joint is formed by articulations between the _____ and ________ and allows for motion primarily in the ______ plane.
- talus and calcaneus | - coronal plane
34
Inversion
-movement in which plantar surface of the foot faces medially
35
Eversion
-movement in which the plantar surface of the foot faces laterally
36
Name the blood supply and innervation of the anterior compartment of the leg
- deep fibular nerve | - anterior tibial artery
37
4 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg
1. tibialis anterior 2. extensor digitorum longus 3. extensory hallucis longus 4. fibularis tertius
38
Tibialis anterior
- dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle joint | - inverts foot
39
Extensor digitorum longus
- extends lateral digits 2 to 4 | - dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint
40
Extensor hallucis longus
- extends great toe | - dorsiflexes the foot
41
Fibularis tertius
-dorsiflexes and everts foot
42
Name the layers, blood supply, and innervation of the posterior compartment of the leg
- superficial and deep layers of muscle - innervated by tibial nerve - posterior tibial, fibular, and popliteal arteries
43
List the 3 muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior leg compartment
1. Gastrocnemius 2. Plantaris 3. Soleus
44
Gastrocnemius
- plantarflexes foot | - flexes knee
45
Plantaris
- plantarflexes the foot | - flexes the knee
46
Soleus
-plantarklexes the foot
47
Calcaneal tendon
- common tendon of gastrocnemius and soleus | - connects gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to calcaneous bones
48
Rupture of calcaneal tendon
- caused by forceful pushoff during an activity such as sprinting when running or jumping in basketball game - bruising is often apparent and visible bulge forms in posterior region of leg due to muscle shortening
49
If one tears the calcaneal tendon, why does a bulge appear int he posterior region of the leg?
-muscle shortening
50
Most common treatment of calcaneal tendon rupture
-surgery
51
4 muscles of the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg
1. popliteus 2. flexor hallucis longus 3. flexor digitorum longus 4. tibialis posterior
52
Popliteus
-unlocks knee joint by laterally rotating the femur on a fixed tibia
53
Flexor hallucis longus
-flexes great toe
54
Flexor digitorum longus
-flexes digits 2-5
55
Tibialis posterior
-inverts and plantar flexes the foot, providing support to medial arch of foot during walking
56
Blood supply and innervation of lateral compartment of leg
- superficial fibular nerve | - anterior tibial and fibular arteries
57
2 lateral compartment muscles
- fibularis longus | - fibularis brevis
58
Fibularis longus
-plantarflexes and everts the foot
59
Fibularis brevis
-plantarflexes and everts the foot
60
The tibial nerve enters the gluteal region with the ___________ nerve in the sciatic nerve by passing through the greater sciatic foramen _____ to the piriformis muscle
- common fibular nerve | - inferior
61
The tibial nerve courses through the posterior thigh deep to the hamstrings before separating from the common fibular nerve where?
-superior border of the popliteal fossa
62
Tibial nerve courses in the posterior part of the leg with the ___________ and then passes through the tarsal tunnel and into the sole of the foot after coursing behind the __________.
- posterior tibial artery | - medial malleous
63
Tibial nerve innervates muscles in what 3 anatomical locations?
- posterior thigh - posterior leg - plantar foot
64
Does the tibial nerve branch? if so, into what and where?
-yes; into medial and lateral plantar nerves distal to the tarsal tunnel
65
What 4 muscles does the medial plantar nerve innervate in the sole of the foot?
- flexor digitorum brevis - flexor hallucis brevis - abductor hallucis - first lumbrical - lateral plantar nerve innervates the rest of the intrinsic foot muscles
66
Common and digital plantar branches of the medial plantar nerve innervate the _______________.
- skin of medial side of sole of the foot | - medial 3.5 digits
67
Common and digital plantar branches of the lateral plantar nerve innervate ______________.
-skin of the lateral side of the sole of the foot and the lateral 1.5 digits
68
Does the common fibular nerve innervate anything in the posterior thigh?
-yes, the short head of the biceps femoris
69
The __________ innervates the fibularis longus and brevis muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg
-superficial fibular nerve
70
Superficial fibular nerve innervation of the skin...
-innervates skin of the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot except for the first dorsal webbed space between the great toe and the second toe
71
The _____________ courses through the fibularis longus muscle and the anterior compartment of the lef with the anterior tibial artery.
-deep fibular nerve
72
What does the deep fibular nerve innervate?
- anterior compartment of leg - tibialis anterior - extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus - fibularis tertius muscles - ___________ - extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis
73
Does the deep fibular nerve only innervate anterior compartment leg muscles?
- No, extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis muscles on dorsum of foot - and skin of webbed space between great toe and 2nd toe
74
What does the sural nerve innervate?
-skin of the posterior leg and lateral aspect of the foot
75
Sural vein receives contributions from what nerves?
-tibial and common fibular
76
Sural nerve courses with the _________ in the posterior leg.
-small saphenous vein
77
Nerve to the quadratus femorus muscle
- L4, L5, S1 - enters gluteal region after passing through the greater sciatic foramen - innervates quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus
78
Nerve to the obturator internus muscle
- L5, S1, and S2 | - innervates superior gemellus and obturator internus
79
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
- innervates skin of posterior thigh and upper thigh | - only branch of lumbosacral plexus that has both anterior and posterior division fibers
80
Perforating cutaneous nerve
-innervates skin covering ischioanal fosal and gluteal region near anal canal

Anatomy Exam 2 (9 decks)

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