Interviewing witnesses Flashcards
(24 cards)
Baldwin
Conducted for the home office: evaluated over 400 interviews and found that over one third were poorly conducted. along with well publicised miscarriages of justice due to poor interviewing. Guildford four
Milne and Bull
national review of investigative interviewing
Fisher and Geiselman
USA having issues with witnesses not giving enough information. created the cognitive Interview, concerned with the retrieval of information from memory for cooperative witnesses
The Cognitive Interview
report everything
mental reinstatement of context
change temporal order
change perspective
Tulving and Pearlstone
there are two reasons why people forget
the memory trace was no longer available
the memory trace was inaccessible
the CI tries to address the second issue
encoding specificity theory
retrieval depends on association between target memory trace and how similar environment is to encoding environment
multiple trace theory
each memory entails multiple ,memory codes. when accessed and fed to the output system they reconstruct the original event
schema theory
the extent to which an event fits with script may affect our memory of it
Fisher ECI
rapport report everything context reinstatement questioning change temporal order change perspective summary closure
Fisher, Geiselman, Raymond
compared CI and ECI
ECI 45% more correct details
however no significant differences for incorrect or confabulated details
Fisher, Geiselman, Amador
field study with real witnesses and victims
63% more information gathered after ECI training
KohnKen
effectiveness of ECI
compared against SI
interviewers gathered 62% more information
Kebbell, milne, wagstaff
police perceptions of the ECI
survey of england and wales officers 95 trained 65 untrained
trained group more likely to use MRC, CP and CTO
trained officers used rapport, RE, WCQ, MRC more frequently, perceived them as more useful than other techniques
problem of time
Dando,
junior officers typically investigate volume crime
some CI techniques used MRC and RE
some techniques reported as never used
Clarke and Milne
83% of interviews CI wasn’t used properly
43% of interviews contained inappropriate/leading questions
Dando, wilcock and milne 2009
48 junior police officers
97% of officers got a free recall account 47% built rapport 6% used MRC
There were significant differences in officers use of different components
Issues with ECI
cognitively demanding for the interviewer
time consuming
Clarke and Milne
Believed to be too bulky for many less serious crimes
Kebbell
many of the components believed to be ineffective
modifying witness compatible questioning, Category clustering recall
recall instructions rather than questioning, recall again, but this time organise information into categories
CCR
more natural, we naturally encode, organise and recall according to semantic categories
less difficult for witness
less challenging for interviewer as they do not have to design questions
less interference from interviewer thus less contamination
modified CI
addresses issues with MRC and CTO which are not often used, conducted poorly and difficult to conduct
swaps MRC to Sketch MRC and CTO for FR
Dando
sketch MRC less time consuming witness providing retrieval cues, rather than interviewer therefore cues are more relevant less cognitively tasking shown to be as good as MRC same increase in correct details less confabulations quicker
modified CI for frontline officers
uses ECI but replaces MRC with Sketch RC and CTO with additional FR
