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Social Research - Sociology > Interviews and PET > Flashcards

Interviews and PET Flashcards

1
Q

What is a structured interview?

A

Where an interviewer sticks rigidly to a pre-written set of mainly closed questions eg tick boxes, multiple choice, wiring answer down word for word

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2
Q

What data is collected by structured interviews?

A

Quantitative data

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3
Q

What is a semi-structured interview?

A

A mix of both open and closed questions that collect both qualitative and quantitative data.

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4
Q

What do open questions allow for?

A

Allow the researcher some flexibility to ask for clarification on vague answers and probe answers.

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5
Q

Define demand characteristics

A

Interviewees attempt to interpret the researchers motives in doing so changing their behaviour eg exaggerating behaviour to impress researcher, over and under reporting.

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6
Q

What are unstructured/ informal interviews?

A

An interview that resembles a formal conversation, interviewer asks open ended questions.

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7
Q

What are interviewers trained in for unstructured interviews?

A

Interviewers are trained to be skilled in building trust and rapport with interviewees by having listening and empathetic skills.

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8
Q

What data do unstructured interviews collect?

A

Qualitative data preferred by interpretivisits

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9
Q

What are group interviews?

A

The researcher interviews several people at the same time - often conducted with children who many not be willing to open up in a one on one interview, presence of friends may increase confidence.

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10
Q

What is a focus group?

A

A variation of a group interview where a pannel of members are introduced to an issue or debate by some form of stimulus an are encouraged to discuss it. Sociologist doesn’t directly question the group.

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11
Q

What type of data does a focus group collect?

A

Qualitative data preferred by interpretivisits

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12
Q

Where can you access parents?

A

Access to parents can usually be obtained through school records, at the gate while picking up children, parents evening, school open days or PTA meetings.

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13
Q

Where can you access teachers?

A

Teachers are more easily accessed as most can be found during the school day within the workplace. A staff list could be used as a sampling frame.

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14
Q

Practical issues with interviewing teachers: Access

A

Access to teachers may be hard as they must fit the interview into the teachers timetables. Some may be reluctant to give up free time. Must gain access from headteacher as teachers are seen as representatives of their school. Access may be denied if fear of teachers giving school a bad reputation.

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15
Q

Practical issues with interviewing teachers: Time

A

How long will it take to interview all the teachers needed? How long to analyse the data collected?

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16
Q

Practical issues with interviewing teachers: Researcher skills

A

Researcher needs correct skills to build trust and empathy with interviewer to gain more valid answers. Also can’t show approval and disproval of responses.

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17
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing teachers: Participant well-being

A

Ensure no physical or mental harm comes to teachers through the questions asked or researchers behaviour.

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18
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing teachers: Confidentiality & Anonymity

A

Must maintain confidentiality of teacher names and opinions, children’s names or school name if mentioned. Eg change names

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19
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing teachers: Deception

A

Teachers must know there part of an interview and what its for

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20
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing teachers: Informed consent

A

Informed consent must be gained from teacher in order for them to partake in the interview

21
Q

Theoretical issues with interviewing teachers: Validity

A

Teacher responses may be affected by the fact their classroom performance is regular scrutinised by OFSTED = caution and reluctant to express true feelings which effects the validity of the results. Some teachers may also lack self-awareness of their behaviour.

22
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing teachers: Social desirability

A

Teachers are unlikely to admit unprofessional behaviour eg racism & sexism as this may result in disciplinary measures taken against them

23
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing teachers: Representative

A

Is sample of teachers used representative of wider society or just the individual school? Are results generalisable to wider society?

24
Q

Practical issues with interviewing parents: Access

A

Some parents are easier to access than others eg different working hours.

25
Q

Practical issues with interviewing parents: Time

A

How long will it take to interview all the parents? and analyse the data?

26
Q

Practical issues with interviewing parents: Researcher skills

A

Cant express disproval or approval of parent responses as some parents might think there criticising their parenting style.

27
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing parents: Informed consent

A

Informed consent must be gained from parents in order for them to take part in interview.

28
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing parents: Anonymity

A

Anonymity of parent and child needs to be kept ie change names

29
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing parents: Confidentiality

A

Researcher must maintain confidentiality of responses unless there are signs of safeguarding issues which need to be reported to authorities.

30
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing parents: Deception

A

Parents must know what there being part of and interviewed for.

31
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing parents: Participant wellbeing

A

No harm must come to participants while in interview process, some may feel threatened by status of interviewer.

32
Q

Theoretical issues with interviewing parents: Validity

A

Answers may be affected by parents class, gender and ethnicity. Parents who manipulate the school admissions process by making the most of their social contacts unlikely to admit unethical behaviour.

33
Q

Theoretical issues with interviewing parents: Social desirability

A

Some parents may interpret the interview questions as critical of parenting style so are partial with the truth or exaggerate the support they offer the child to manage the impression the interviewer has of them.

34
Q

Theoretical issues with interviewing parents: Representative

A

Is the selection of parents used representative of wider society? If repeated with similar characteristics get same results? Generalisability.

35
Q

Practical issues with interviewing pupils: Access

A

Access must be obtained from headteacher who acts as the gatekeeper. Heads may not allow group interviews that may criticise teachers/rules resulting in a bad reputation for school.

36
Q

Practical issues with interviewing pupils: Researcher skills

A

Researcher needs correct skills to establish trust between themselves and the pupils to increase validity of responses. Some students may be more willing to vent feelings about schools and teachers to a younger interviewer.

37
Q

Practical issues with interviewing pupils: Cost

A

Training required to be an empathetic interviewer?

38
Q

Practical issues with interviewing pupils: Time

A

How long does it take to conduct interviews? and analyse data?

39
Q

Practical issues with interviewing pupils: Topic

A

Is research method suitable for topic being studied.

40
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing pupils: Participant wellbeing

A

Must ensure no physical harm or mental harm comes to pupil during interview process. Some students may feel safer/ more comfortable in a group environment. Some pupils may risk the fear of being bullied. Researcher must also under go a DBS check if they intend to spend time alone with pupils.

41
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing pupils: Informed consent

A

Informed consent must be obtained from parents as pupils are vulnerable groups.

42
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing pupils: Confidentiality

A

Researchers cent guarantee confidentiality they must disclose information to authorities if there are signs of safeguarding issues.

43
Q

Ethical issues with interviewing pupils: Anonymity

A

Anonymity of pupils must be kept especially as they are under age and therefore a vulnerable group.

44
Q

Theoretical issues with interviewing pupils: Validity

A

Group interviews can draw out shared group values that individually students may be reluctant to express. However some students may be reluctant to express feelings out of fear of being bullied by group. Students may also associate researcher with authority so are less willing to cooperate. If one or two dominant personalities in group interviews take over effects validity.

45
Q

Theoretical issues with interviewing pupils: Bias

A

Typically boys give invalid responses for a laugh with effects validity and also research bias.

46
Q

Theoretical issues with interviewing pupils: Reliable

A

Is data obtained reliable? Can it be repeated for same results in different schools?

47
Q

Theoretical issues with interviewing pupils: Represenative

A

Some students may not be available for interview eg special needs or excluded from schools which effects representativeness

48
Q

Theoretical issues with interviewing pupils: Researcher imposition

A

If researcher is using a structured interview the questions may suffer from the imposition problem as questions can’t be changed to reflect students or topics. Lacks depth of understanding.

49
Q

Theoretical issues with interviewing pupils: Objective

A

Is data objective with no bias from students eg if a pupil really dislikes a teacher they may exaggerate answers.

Social Research - Sociology (8 decks)

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