Intestines

Question 1

What is intestinal volvulus?

Answer 1

Rotation of viscera about it’s mesenteric attachment.

Question 2

What are the 2 types of intestinal volvulus?

Answer 2

1. volvulus of the root of the mesentery

2. volvulus of the jejunoileal flange

Question 3

What are the biggest clinical signs of volvulus around the root of the mesentery?

Answer 3

Distended SI on rectal, pings in RIGHT paralumbar fossa, cardiovascular shock

Question 4

How are clinical signs of volvulus of jejunoileal flange compared to root of mesentery?

Answer 4

Very similar except jejunoileal does NOT have severe CV shock

Question 5

Where do you incise for surgical correct of intestinal volvulus?

Answer 5

Right paralumbar fossa

Question 6

What is the “intussusceptum”?

Answer 6

invaginated portion

Question 7

What is the “intussuscipiens”?

Answer 7

receiving portion

Question 8

What is the classic clinical sign of intussusception?

Answer 8

diminshed fecal output

Question 9

What are typical clin path signs of intussusception?

Answer 9

hypokalemia/hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, hemoconcentration as they become dehydrated

Question 10

What is the surgcal approach and procedure to correct intussusception?

Answer 10

Right paralumbar fossa approach (left lateral recumb), intestinal recision and anastomosis (remove healthy intestine on both sides)

Question 11

What is hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

Answer 11

Intraluminal-intramural hemorrhage of the small intestine, acute enteritis often occurs

Question 12

What 3 factors are present for hemorrhagic bowel syndrome to occur?

Answer 12

1. C perfringens in GI tract
2. abundance of nutrients, carbs for organism
3. disruption of intestinal motility

Question 13

What two organisms are involved in hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

Answer 13

Clostridium perfringens type A

Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 14

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome is most common in what species?

Answer 14

Dairy cattle

Question 15

What is a cardinal sign of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

Answer 15

scant, dark-red hemorrhagic feces or absence of feces

Question 16

What feature will you find on an exploratory surgery of a hemorrhagic bowel syndrome case?

Answer 16

Section of bowel distended by blood or blood clot

Question 17

What is the best form of prevention of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

Answer 17

Roughage

Question 18

What organisms cause coccidosis?

Answer 18

Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zurnii

Question 19

What conditions lead to from just coccidia to coccidosis?

Answer 19

Stressors, overcrowding, poor sanitation

Question 20

What signalment is most common for coccidosis?

Answer 20

Young calves around weaning time

Question 21

How is coccidosis diagnosed?

Answer 21

Coccidia on fecal, hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in intestinal mucosa

Question 22

When do clinical signs of coccidosis occur?

Answer 22

After life cycle has been completed

Question 23

What are the treatment/prevention options for coccidosis?

Answer 23

Treatment: Amprolium, Sulfamethazine
Prevention: Amprolium, Ionophores

Question 24

What season, region, and signalment do you see with winter dysentery?

Answer 24

winter months in northern states; young adult dairy cattle that are housed

Question 25

What is the etiology behind winter dysentery?

Answer 25

Bovine coronavirus

Question 26

What are the clinical signs of winter dysentery?

Answer 26

``` severe diarrhea (large volume!!!), mild resp, dec milk production high morbidity and low mortality ```

Question 27

What causes the large volume of diarrhea assoc with winter dysentery?

Answer 27

Colonic mucosal epithelial cell destruction, leads to transudation of fluid

Question 28

What is the organism that causes the number 1 foodborne contaminant?

Answer 28

Salmonella enterica

Question 29

What are clinical signs assoc with acute infection of salmonellosis?

Answer 29

ADULT dairy cattle, assoc with concurrent diseases. Enteric form--pyrexia, fetid watery diarrhea, severe drop in milk production.

Question 30

What are clinical signs assoc with neonate infection of salmonellosis?

Answer 30

YOUNG dairy calves <2 weeks old. | Septic form--intractable diarrhea, pyrexia, weakness

Question 31

What serotype commonly causes sepitcemic salmonellosis?

Answer 31

Salmonella dublin

Question 32

What are the clinical signs of septicemic salmonellosis?

Answer 32

Meningitis, penumonia, polyarthritis, abortions in adult cattle

Question 33

What kind of diarrhea is seen with salmonellosis in feedlot cattle?

Answer 33

Signs appear soon after arrival, will have mucohemorrhagic diarrhea.

Question 34

How is salmonella bacteria transmitted?

Answer 34

Fecal-oral Direct=contaminated feed Indirect=contaminated pasture

Question 35

How is salmonellosis diagnosed?

Answer 35

Fecal culture, rectal biopsy/culture, serology for S. dublin

Question 36

What is NOT commonly used as treatment for salmonellosis? What should you use as treatment?

Answer 36

Antibiotics (ie don't pick this as a treatment option on exam) IV fluids, electrolytes.

Question 37

What signalment is associated with cecal dilation and volvulus?

Answer 37

Adult dairy cattle within 60 days of parturition

Question 38

What will you feel on rectal in a cecal dilation?

Answer 38

Manure is loose and decreased in volume, apex of cecum may be palpated in pelvic canal

Question 39

What will you feel on rectal of a cecal volvulus?

Answer 39

Manure is scant or absent, distended body of cecum, apex is cranial

Question 40

How are cecal dilation and volvulus related?

Answer 40

Dilation leads to volvulus

Question 41

What is the pathophysiology of cecal dilation/volvulus?

Answer 41

Carbs escape from forestomach, cecal micro-organisms metabolize carbs to VFAs/methane/CO2, reduced motility and gas accumulation cause dilation

Question 42

Does cecal dilation or volvulus require surgical correction?

Answer 42

Volvulus does, simple dilation can be treated with antacids and SQ calcium

Question 43

Why does cecal volvulus commonly recur?

Answer 43

Cannot pexy the cecum like with an abomasal volvulus.

Question 44

What are the two common sites of atresia coli?

Answer 44

Anus, spiral colon

Question 45

How does atresia coli occur?

Answer 45

Congenital condition

Question 46

What occurs with rectal prolapse? What species is it most common in?

Answer 46

Portion of rectal wall or the entire rectal tube protrudes through the anal ring, PIGS

Question 47

What conditions can cause rectal prolapse?

Answer 47

Tenesmus, increased abdominal pressure, loss of perianal muscle tone

Question 48

What is Type 1 rectal prolapse?

Answer 48

Rectal mucosa and submucosa protrude through anus

Question 49

What is Type 2 rectal prolapse?

Answer 49

Eversion of part of the ampulla recti through the anus

Question 50

What is Type 3 rectal prolapse?

Answer 50

Larger than type 1 or 2

Question 51

What is Type 4 rectal prolapse?

Answer 51

Intussusception of rectum through anus

Question 52

What are correction methods for rectal prolapse?

Answer 52

``` Purse string suture. Purse string with irritant injection. Submucosal resection (just remove damaged mucosa). Ring amputation. Surgical amputation. ```

Question 53

What are common causes of peritonitis?

Answer 53

``` Traumatic perforation Visceral rupture Abscess rupture Iatrogenic Hematogenous spread Mesenteric fat necrosis ```

Question 54

What are the characteristics of normal peritoneal fluid?

Answer 54

Less than 1ml/kg BW, clear, low specific gravity, few cells, few neutrophils

Question 55

What is the typical clinical sign of peritonitis?

Answer 55

Ileus

Question 56

What are treatment options for peritonitis?

Answer 56

Supportive therapy, antibiotic, ID primary cause and treat that