Into To Microbiology

Question 1

Microorganisms

Answer 1

-The study of microorganisms; minute living things that individually cannot be seen with the naked eye
-Examples; bacterias, viruses, fungi (yeasts, molds), protozoan

Question 2

Taxonomic hierarchy

Answer 2

Domain:
-Eukarya -Bacteria -Archea
Kingdom:
(Under Eukarya)
-Animals, Protists, Fungi, Plants

Question 3

Difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

Question 4

Intestinal Bacteria

Answer 4

-For digestion and synthesis of some vitamins; Vitamin B, K

Question 5

Soil Microbes

Answer 5

-Recycle chemical elements in the soil, water, and air by breaking down wastes and incorporate nitrogen gas into organic compounds

Question 6

Commercial Applications

Answer 6

-For synthesis of chemicals; Enzymes, alcohols, and drugs

Question 7

Food Industries

Answer 7

-Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, buttermilk, and bread

Question 8

Normal Microbiota

Answer 8

-Once classified as plants giving rise to the use of the term flora for microbes
-Term was replaced with microbiota
-Normal microbes present in and on the human body are called normal microbiota and prevent the growth of pathogens

Question 9

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 9

-1673-1723
-Invented the first microscope and described the first live microorganisms observed in teeth scrapings, feces and rain water

Question 10

Robert Hooke

Answer 10

-1665
-“Cell Theory”: all living things are composed of little boxes or cells
-“Spontaneous Generation”: living organisms arise from nonliving matter. A “vital force” forms life

Question 11

John Needham

Answer 11

-1745
-put boiled nutrient broth into a covered flask and observed microbial growth

Question 12

Lazaro Spallanzani

Answer 12

-1765
-boiled nutrient solutions in flask and sealed it resulting in NO microbial growth

Question 13

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 13

-1858
-Challenged spontaneous generation with concept of BIOGENESIS
-Biogenesis: all living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells

Question 14

Louis Pasteur

Answer 14

-1861
-Pasteur’s S-shaped flask: allowed air to go in but curve trapped any airborne microorganisms
-Concluded that microorganisms were present in the air and were the agents responsible for contamination

Question 15

Pasteurization

Answer 15

-Presence of air, bacteria can change alcohol in a beverage to vinegar (acetic acid)
-Pasteur demonstrated that spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol
-APPLICATION OF HIGH HEAT FOR A SHORT TIME

Question 16

John Lister

Answer 16

-1860s
-Used a chemical (Phenol) disinfection to prevent surgical wound infections

Question 17

Robert Koch

Answer 17

-1876
-Proved that bacterium causes anthrax and provided experimental steps (Koch’s postulates) to prove that a SPECIFIC MICROBE CAUSES SPECIFIC DISEASES