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Fundamentals of pathology > Into to structure and function of blood > Flashcards

Into to structure and function of blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What is pathology?

A

Pathology is the study of suffering

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2
Q

What is blood made up of?

A 
Plasma
Cells:
White
Red
Platelets
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3
Q

What happens to blood after centrifugation?

A
  • Red cells at bottom of cuvette
  • Plasma at top

Buffy coat in the middle (White cells)

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4
Q

What are red blood cells also known as?

A

Also known as erythrocytes

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5
Q

Shape of red blood cells

A

Biconcave discs

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6
Q

What do red blood cells not have?

A

No nucleus, DNA RNA or mitochondria

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7
Q

What is the major constituent in red blood cells and what does it do?

A

Major constituent is Hb

Hb binds oxygen and carries it from lungs to tissue

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8
Q

What is the average life span of RBC’s?

A

120 days

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9
Q

What is the diameter of RBC?

A

Diameter is 8um

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10
Q

What is the thickness of RBC

A

2um

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11
Q

What are white blood cells also known as?

A

Also known as leukocytes

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12
Q

What is the colour of white blood cells?

A

Colourless

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13
Q

What are the two most common white blood cells?

A

Two most common white blood cells:
Neutrophils
Leukocytes

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14
Q

Comment on the nucleus of neutrophils and what does that mean

A

Polymorphonuclear

Irregular, multi-lobed nucleus

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15
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

WBC which Contain granules

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16
Q

What are the three type of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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17
Q

Neutrophils

A

Commonest WBC

Weakly staining granules

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18
Q

Eosinophil

A

Granules stained red with eosin

1-4% of WBC

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19
Q

Basophil

A

Granules stain blue with basic dye

<0.5% of WBC

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20
Q

What do mononuclear cells lack?

A

Lack granules

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21
Q

Comment on the nuclei of mononuclear cells?

A

Large, regular nuclei

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22
Q

What are the types of mononuclear cells?

A

Monocytes(Largest WBC)

Lymphocytes

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23
Q

What are platelets also known as?

A

Also known as thrombocytes

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24
Q

What type of fragments are platelets?

A

Cytoplasmic fragments

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25
What do platelets not have?
No nucleus
26
Comment on membrane platelets
Are membrane bound
27
What do platelets contain?
Granules
28
What is the role of platelets and the steps involved?
``` Major role in haemostasis ○ Recognise damage at blood vessel wall ○ Form a platelet plug § Fibrinogen converted to fibrin by thrombin § Clotting factors control process § Fibrin clot reinforces primary platelet plug ○ Prevent/stop bleeding § However insecure and temporary ```
29
Where are mature blood cells produced?
Mature blood cells produces from stem cells in bone marrow
30
What does the bone marrow contain?
Contains many immature cells
31
What are some blood diseases treated by?
Some blood diseases treated by bone marrow transplantation
32
What is the plasma and what does it contain?
``` Plasma is a fluid containing: ○ Water ○ Salts ○ Proteins ○ Organic molecules: § Metabolites § Carbohydrates Lipids ```
33
What is serum?
Fluid left after blood clotting
34
What do some blood tests require and what is used?
• Some blood tests requires unclotted blood | Anticoagulants used like EDTA
35
What do other test work better than?
Other tests work better with serum than plasma
36
What percentage of plasma is protein?
7-9% of plasma is protein
37
Comment on plasma protein
Complex-Thousands of different proteins
38
What percentage of plasma proteins is a single protein?
But >90% is a single protein: albumin
39
What is the function of blood?
• Transport • Defence Homeostasis
40
What does blood carry?
Carry oxygen/nutrients to tissues
41
What does blood remove?
Removes CO2 from tissue
42
What type of substances does blood transport?
Transport substances like hormones from there site of production to their site of action
43
How do most erythrocytes carry CO2?
Most CO2 carried as bicarbonate in plasma
44
What enzyme helps with the transportation of CO2?
○ Red cell enzyme, carbonic anhydrase helps CO2 § To dissolve in plasma in the tissues § Come out of solution in the lungs
45
What type of substances does plasma carry?
Plasma proteins carry substances which are poorly soluble in water like lipids and metal ions
46
What is albumin?
A general purpose carrier
47
Examples of specialised carriers
TBG | Transferrin
48
What cells are involved in immunity?
WBC and plasma protein
49
What cells are involved in clotting?
Platelets and plasma proteins
50
Types of WBC
``` Neutrophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes ```
51
Neutrophils
§ Phagocytose and kill bacteria and fungi Main mediators of innate immunity
52
Lymphocytes
§ Main mediators of adaptive immunity § Produce antibodies Kill virus infected cells
53
Eosinophils
Kill parasites | Involved in allergic responses
54
Basophils
Kill parasites Involved in allergic responses Involved in inflammation
55
Monocytes
Phagocytosis of dead cells and pathogens
56
Two types of plasma-immune defence
Immunoglobins | Complement proteins
57
Immunoglobins
§ Made by B-lymphocytes Act as antibodies against pathogens
58
Complement proteins
§ Kill bacteria and other pathogens | Cooperate with Ig and WBC
59
What is homeostasis?
Keeping internal environment of the body constant
60
What pH is maintained?
Maintaining pH at 7.4
61
What does homeostasis control distribution of?
Controlling distribution of water and solutes | Distributing heat
62
What is homeostasis disturbed by?
``` Disturbed by the disorders of: ○ Kidney ○ Liver ○ Lungs ○ Cardiovascular system ○ Endocrine organs ```
63
How is kidney function checked?
Kidney function checked by analysis of urea and electrolytes
64
What analysis is required for diagnosis and treatment?
Plasma analysis required for diagnosis and treatment
65
What is total blood volume?
5 litres
66
What is total plasma volume?
2.5-3 litres
67
What is haemoglobin made up of?
Made up of 2 alpha and 2 beta globin chains
68
What does each globin chain in Hb carry?
Each globin chain carries a haem molecule
69
What does haem hold?
Haem holds a Fe2+ atom
70
How does oxygen bind to Iron?
Oxygen binds reversibly to iron atom by coordination bond
71
What colour is oxyhemoglobin?
Bright red
72
What colour is Deoxyhaemoglobin?
Dark red
73
How many Hb molecules in each RBC and how much space does it take up ?
• About 300,000,000 Hb molecules in each RBC | V.high concentration taking up 50% of space in a red cell
74
What does pulse oximetry measure and determine?
• Measures colour of haemoglobin Determines if patient is hypoxic
75
What is haematocrit also known as?
Also known as packed cell volume
76
How to calculate haematocrit ratio
Volume of cells/ total volume
77
What is the normal haematocrit value?
Normal value about 0.4-0.5
78
Full blood count includes
``` ○ Hb concentration in g/l § Used to diagnose anaemia ○ Mean red cell volume ○ Mean red cell haemoglobin content § How much Hb in each red cell ○ Help to diagnose anaemia ○ Total WBC count § Neutrophil and lymphocyte count Important for diagnosing infection ```
79
What does a LFT's blood test include?
○ Albumin concentration ○ Liver enzymes Clotting factors
80
What does urea and electrolytes blood test for?
○ Test kidney function | ○ And metabolic abnormalities
81
What is Blood glucose blood test for?
Test for diabetes mellitus
82
What is a lipid profile blood test for?
○ Triglycerides ○ Cholesterol ○ LDL and HDL ○ Important to identify cardiovascular disease

Fundamentals of pathology (8 decks)

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