Intoduction to MSK Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Bs. classifications
A
long short flat irregular sesamoid sutural/wormian
2
Q
irregular Bs.
A
not long, short or flat (facial bones)
3
Q
sesamoid Bs.
A
embedded in tendon (patella)
4
Q
sutural/wormian Bs.
A
amid skull sutures in neurocranium
5
Q
anatomy of long bones
A
epiphysis epiphyseal plate metaphysis diaphysis epiphyseal line compact bone cancellous/spongy bone medullary/marrow cavity
6
Q
epiphysis of long bone
A
portion furthest from center
7
Q
epiphyseal plate of long bone
A
cartilaginous region between epiphysis and metaphysis, secondary ossification center
8
Q
diaphysis of long bone
A
central portion, primary ossification center
9
Q
compact bone of long bone
A
outermost solid layer
10
Q
cancellous/spongy bone of long bone
A
innermost sinusoidal layer
11
Q
medullary/marrow cavity of long bone
A
replaces some of the cancellous bone layer in adults
12
Q
hyaline cartilage
A
characterized by presence of hyaluronic acid (homogenous light pink stain)
13
Q
elastic cartilage
A
characterized by presence of elastic fibers (heterogeneous light and dark pink stain)
14
Q
fibrocartilage
A
characterized by an abundance of collagen fibers (homogeneous dark stain)
15
Q
joint classifications
A
synovial (diarthrosis, freely movable)
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis, limited movement)
fibrous (synarthrosis, without movement)
16
Q
characteristics of synovial joints
A
articular capsule outer fibrous capsule inner synovial membrane articular cartilage joint cavity synovial fluid
17
Q
articular cartilage of synovial joints
A
hyaline cartilage covers the bearing surface of the bone
18
Q
characteristics of fibrous joints
A
fibrous connective tissue
fibrous membrane
19
Q
characteristics of cartilaginous joints
A
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
20
Q
synovial joint subtypes
A
planar ginglymus trochoid condyloid sellar spheroidal compound synovial
21
Q
planar synovial joint
A
“flat”, uniaxial
gliding or sliding
22
Q
ginglymus synovial joint
A
“hinge”, uniaxial
flexion and extension
23
Q
trochoid synovial joint
A
“pivot”, uniaxial
rotation
24
Q
condyloid synovial joint
A
“ellipsoidal”, biaxial
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
circumduction
25
sellar synovial joint
"saddle", biaxial
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
26
spheroidal synovial joint
"ball and socket", multiaxial
| circumduction in multiple planes
27
compound synovial joint
any combination of the synovial joint subtypes
28
fibrous joint subtypes
sutures
schindylesis
gomphosis
syndesmosis
29
suture fibrous joint
interlocked bone separated by fibrous connective tissue
30
suture fibrous joint subtypes
serrated
squamous
planar
31
serrated suture fibrous joint
interlocking bone with a jagged edge
32
squamous suture fibrous joint
joined bone with two beveled surfaces
33
planar suture fibrous joint
two blunt ends joint by fibrous connective tissue
34
schindylesis fibrous joint
"tongue-in-groove" joined by fibrous connective tissue
35
gomphosis fibrous joint
"peg-in-socket" joined by fibrous connective tissue
36
syndesmosis fibrous joint
two bones separated by a fibrous membrane
37
cartilaginous joint subtypes
synchondrosis
| symphysis
38
synchondrosis cartilaginous joint
"primary cartilaginous joints"
characterized by temporary cartilaginous unions of hyaline cartilage, usually between the diaphysis and epiphysis of growing bone
39
symphysis cartilaginous bone
"secondary cartilaginous joints"
| characterized by strong slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage
40
compound joint
includes articulations from more than one of the three main categories of joints (synovial, fibrous or cartilaginous)
41
factors influencing joint stability
shape of articular surface
number and position of ligaments
muscle tendons
42
list the 4 skeletal muscle functionalities
agonist
antagonist
synergist
fixator
43
agonist
activates a specific movement of the body
44
antagonist
opposes a specific movement of the body
45
synergist
complements the action of agonist and prevents movement of intervening joint when agonist passes more than one joint
46
fixator
stabilizes the joints, or the proximal part of a joint while the distal portion is in motion
47
skeletal muscle architecture (in order of ascending complexity)
myofibrils
muscle fibers
fascicles
muscle
48
myofibrils
internal component of muscle fibers
49
muscle fibers
arrangement of myofibrils surrounded by endomysium
50
fascicles
arrangement of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium
51
muscle (in terms of skeletal muscle architecture)
arrangement of fascicles surrounded by epimysium
52
list the 3 forms of muscle
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
53
skeletal muscle characteristics
long, unbranched fibers, cylindrical in shape, transverse striations arranged in parallel groups, multinucleated
54
skeletal muscle function
strong, quick contraction, produces movement or resists gravity
55
skeletal muscle innervation
voluntary or reflexive by the CNS and PNS
56
cardiac muscle characteristics
short, branched fibers, cylindrical in shape, transverse striations arranged in parallel groups, uninucleated, cells separated by intercalated discs
57
cardiac muscle function
strong, quick, rhythmic contraction, pump blood from the heart
58
cardiac muscle innervation
involuntary, intrinsically stimulated and propagated, modified by the ANS
59
smooth muscle characteristics
small, spindle shaped fibers, no striations, uninucleated
60
smooth muscle function
weak, slow, rhythmic contraction, propels substances (peristalsis), restricts flow (vasocontriction and sphincteric contraction)
61
smooth muscle innervation
involuntary by the ANS
62
list the fascicular arrangements found in skeletal muscle
```
pennate
fusiform
digastric
multiventral
multicaudal
serrated
circular or sphincteral
quadrate
```
63
pennate muscle subtypes
unipennate (tendon on one side, muscle on the other)
bipennate (muscle on either side of a tendon)
multipennate (multiple feathered muscle groups)
64
fusiform muscle subtypes
bicipital (muscles with two heads)
tricipital (muscles with three heads)
quadricipital (muscles with four heads)
65
digastric muscles
muscles with two bellies
66
multiventral muscles
broken up by tendons
67
multicaudal muscles
muscles with multiple tendons
68
serrated muscles
muscles with a serrated edge
69
circular or sphincteral muscles
surrounding an opening
70
types of arteries
elastic
muscular
arterioles
71
elastic arteries
largest (aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, common carotid, subclavian)
maintain blood pressure
expand when the heart contracts
72
muscular arteries
blood distribution (femoral, axillary)
walls rich in circular smooth muscle fibers
regulate the flow of blood to specific regions
73
arterioles
smallest arteries
| narrow lumen, thick muscular walls
74
blood flow in weak-walled veins is assisted by
muscular contraction
75
types of veins
large
medium-sized
venules
76
large veins
longitudinal smooth muscle
| well-developed tunica adventitia
77
medium-sized veins
in extremities and other locations
| posses valves to allow flow of blood in one direction only
78
venules
smallest veins
| usually converge to form venous plexuses
79
vessel wall anatomy (superficial to deep)
```
tunica adventitia
tunica media
elastic lamina
tunica intima
lumen
```
80
capillaries
thin walled, endothelial tubes
no smooth muscle present
organized into capillary beds
81
arteriovenous anastomoses
shunts which bypass the capillary bed
| numerous in the skin where they serve to conserve body temperature
82
capillary beds
nutrients, oxygen, and other materials are exchanged across capillary walls
83
systemic circulation
oxygenated blood from heart to rest of body
| deoxygenated blood from body to heart
84
pulmonary circulation
deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
| oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
85
cardiac circulation
coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to myocardium
| coronary veins drain deoxygenated blood from myocardium
86
portal circulation
blood drained from digestive organs for detoxification
87
renal circulation
remove and filter waste from blood
88
lymphatics
collect surplus tissue fluid as lymph and return it to venous circulation
89
organization of lymphatics
```
lymphatic plexus
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
lymphoid organs
lymphocytes
```
90
lymphatic plexus
lymphatic capillaries in the intercellular space of most tissues
91
lymphatic vessels
join the lymphatic plexuses to the lymph nodes
92
lymph nodes
collect lymph for return to venous circulation
93
lymphoid organs
spleen, tonsils and thymus
94
lymphocytes
immunological functional unit
95
neuron
excitable cell designed for rapid communication
96
anatomy of a neuron
cell body (location of nucleus)
dendrites (received impulses and conveys them to cell body)
axon (convey impulses away from cell body)
97
neuroglia
nonexcitable support cells
98
neuroglia subtypes
```
astrocytes
oligodentroglia
microglia
ependymal cells
neurolemma
```
99
astrocytes
form the BBB in the CNS
100
oligodentroglia
myelinate the axons in the CNS
101
microglia
destroy foreign objects in the CNS
102
ependymal cells
produce CSF and line CSF filled cavities in the CNS
103
neurolemma
Schwann cells
| myelinate the axons in the PNS
104
structural divisions of the nervous system
central nervous system (CNS)
| peripheral nervous system (PNS)
105
CNS
brain and spinal cord
| integrate and coordinate incoming and outgoing signals
106
PNS
```
anything outside the CNS
connect the CNS with peripheral structures
cranial nerves (12 pairs)
spinal nerves (31 pairs)
```
107
breakdown of spinal nerves (31 pairs)
```
cervical nerves (8 pairs)
thoracic nerves (12 pairs)
lumbar nerves (5 pairs)
sacral nerves (5 pairs)
coccygeal nerve (1 pair)
```
108
functional divisions of the nervous system
somatic nervous system
| autonomic nervous system
109
somatic nervous system
CNS and PNS
| sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body, except for visceral structures, smooth muscle and glands
110
general somatic sensation
touch, pain, temperature, pressure
111
special somatic sensation
smell, sight, taste, hearing, position
112
somatic motor innervation
to skeletal muscle
113
autonomic nervous system
visceral sensation and motor innervation via the CNS and PNS
| separated into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
114
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
thoracolumbar
| "rest and digest"
115
parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
craniosacral
| "fight or flight"
116
components of the CNS
nucleus (collection of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS)
| tract (bundles of nerve fibers connecting nuclei)
117
tracts of the CNS subtypes
```
gray matter (neural tissue containing nerve cell bodies)
white matter (interconnecting nerve fibers)
```
118
anatomy of spinal cord
gray matter (dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral horn) surrounded by white matter
119
dorsal horn of grey matter
thin, sensory, meets with dorsal rootlets
120
ventral horn of grey matter
thick, motor cell bodies exist here, meets with ventral rootlets
121
lateral horn of grey matter
thick, presynaptic sympathetic cell bodies exist here
122
components of PNS
```
axon
peripheral nerve fiber
fascicle
peripheral nerve
ganglia
```
123
axon
central projection of a neuron
124
peripheral nerve fiber
myelinated axon wrapped in endoneurium
125
fascicle
bundled peripheral nerve fibers wrapped in perineurium
126
peripheral nerve
bundled fascicles wrapped in epineurium
127
ganglia
collection of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS
128
electrochemical process of nerve conduction 3 portions of axon model step 1
first portion depolarizes
| second and third remain in resting state
129
electrochemical process of nerve conduction 3 portions of axon model step 2
first portion repolarizes
second portion depolarizes
third portion remains in resting state
130
electrochemical process of nerve conduction 3 portions of axon model step 3
first portion in refractory state
second portion repolarizes
third portion depolarizes
131
list the three layers of meninges (superficial to deep)
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
