Intracellular Accumulation, Ageing

Question 1

Mc organ involved with fatty change

Answer 1

Liver- mc organ involved with fat metabolism

Others- heart, muscle, kidney

Question 2

M/s picture of fatty liver

Answer 2

Macrovesicular steatosis- lipid accumulates in hepatocytes as vacuoles & clear appearances on H & E stain

Question 3

Mcc of fatty liver

Answer 3

Alcoholism- developed countries
NAFLD- a/w DM & obesity

Others- toxins, protein, dyslipidemia, malnutrition, anoxia

Question 4

Mc lipid accumulation in fatty liver

Answer 4

Triglycerides

Others- cholesterol, cholesterol esters & phospholipids

Question 5

Intracellular Accumulation of cholesterol & cholesterol esters seen in

Answer 5

Atherosclerosis
Xanthoma
Cholesterolosis
Niemann pick disease TYPE C

Question 6

Where does cholesterol & it’s esters accumulates in atherosclerosis

Answer 6

In smooth muscle cells & macrophages in tunica intima as vacuoles in large arteries

Question 7

What is the m/s appearances in atherosclerotic plaque

Answer 7

Cells have foamy appearance or app as clefts d/t crystallization of extracellular cholesterol esters in the form of long needles

Question 8

What are xanthomas

Answer 8

Hereditary or acquired hyperlipidemia–> intracellular accum of lipid laden macrophages

Question 9

What is Cholesterolosis

Answer 9

Accum of lipid laden macrophages within lamina propria of gall bladder

Question 10

Niemann pick disease is d/t

Answer 10

Mutation in NPC1 gene - type1c
NPC2 Gene- type2c

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Question 11

What are Russell bodies

Answer 11

Globular intracellular accumulation of immunoglobulin

Question 12

What are mott cells

Answer 12

Plasma cells characterised by accumulation of multiple Russell bodies

Question 13

What are flame cells

Answer 13

Plasma cells with fiery red cytoplasm

Question 14

What are dutcher bodies

Answer 14

PAS +’ve intranuclear inclusion containing Igs seen in some plasma cells

Question 15

Pathological inclusions seen in multiple myeloma

Answer 15

Russel bodies
Mott cells
Dutcher bodies
Flame cells

Question 16

Which are cytoskeletal proteins

Answer 16

Thin actin filament
Thick myosin filament
Intermediate filament- 10nm
Microtubules

Question 17

What is the function of intermediate filament

Answer 17

Provide flexible intracellular scaffold that organize cytoplasm & resists forces applied to cell

Question 18

Which are types of intermediate filaments

Answer 18

Keratin filaments- characteristic of ep cells
Neurofilaments- neurons
Desmin filaments- muscle cells
Vimentin filaments- connective tissue
Glial filaments- astrocytes

Question 19

What are Mallory bodies

Answer 19

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions composed of keratin intermediate filaments in complex with other proteins - ubiquitin

Question 20

Mallory hyaline bodies seen in

Answer 20

Alcoholic liver disease- mc

Morbid obesity/ NAFLD
indian childhood cirrhosis
Wilson’s disease- periportal distribution
Primary biliary cirrhosis/ c/c biliary tract dis

Question 21

What is wear & tear pigment & how is it formed

Answer 21

Lipofuschin/ lipochrome

Complex of lipids & proteins derived from free RADICAL injury of PUFA of subcellular membranes

Question 22

Which pigment is tell tale sign of free RADICAL injury & lipid peroxidation

Answer 22

Lipofuschin

Question 23

What is brown atrophy

Answer 23

Lipofuschin app as insoluble brownish yellow granular intracellular material- in large amounts known as brown atrophy

Mc- heart, liver, brain

Question 24

Coal miner’s day

Answer 24

4th may

Question 25

What is characteristic of pulmonary anthracosis

Answer 25

Black pigment(d/t carbon particles) within macrophages of hilar lymph nodes

Question 26

Melanin the only endogenous brown black pigment is present in

Answer 26

Hair, skin, retina, iris, certain parts of CNS

Question 27

Which is the other endogenous black pigment deposited in skin, connective tissue & cartilage in ochronosis

Answer 27

Homogentisic acid

Question 28

Stains for melanin

Answer 28

DOPA- Oxidase( dihydroxyphenylalanine)- most specific Masson Fontana- stains black Schmorls method- stains blue green

Question 29

How does DOPA oxidase method work

Answer 29

DOPA substrate is acted on by DOPA oxidase present in melanin producing cells which produce brownish black deposit

Question 30

Masson Fontana is used for staining

Answer 30

Melanin | Argentaffin granules- in neuroendocrine cells in duodenum & carcinoid

Question 31

Alizarin res S is for staining

Answer 31

Calcium in tissues

Question 32

Hall's stain is for

Answer 32

Bile pigment/ bilirubin

Question 33

Rhodanine stain for

Answer 33

Copper in tissues

Question 34

Perl's Prussian blue is for

Answer 34

Iron in bone marrow & macrophages

Question 35

Chloroacetate esterase/ LEDER stain is for

Answer 35

Markers of neutrophils

Question 36

What is hemosiderin

Answer 36

Local/ systemic excess of iron- stored in cells in a/w protein apoferritin to form ferritin micelles- large aggregates--> hemosiderin ( golden yellow to brown)

Question 37

How is hemosiderin identified

Answer 37

Light m/s Perls Prussian blue stain Electron m/s

Question 38

Principle of perl's Prussian blue stain

Answer 38

Dilute mineral acid hydrolysis release ferric ions from tissue depo These ions in presence of ferrocyanide ions are precipitated as blue coloured highly water insoluble potassium ferric ferrocyanide

Question 39

Pathologic calcification in dead & decaying tissues

Answer 39

Dystrophic calcification Ca levels n/l Eg: atheroma of large atherosclerosis Caseous necrosis in TB

Question 40

Where does metastatic calcification commonly occur

Answer 40

In normal tissues | Mc- interstitial tissue of vasculature, kidney, lungs & gastric mucosa

Question 41

Causes of metastatic calcification

Answer 41

Hyperparathyroidism Vitamin D intoxication & sarcoidosis( macrophages activate vitamin D precursor) Renal failure- hyperphosphatemia--> 2' hyperparathyroidism Destruction of bone- pagets dis, immobilization, tumours

Question 42

Calcium stains

Answer 42

H&E- blue black lake with hematoxylin Von kossa method alizarin red s Azan stain

Question 43

Principle of von kossa stain

Answer 43

Silver reduction method- silver is substituted for calcium in calcium carbonate & phosphate--> silver phosphate & carbonate--> photochemical degeneration in presence of light--> silver , turns black

Question 44

When is von kossa stain best suited

Answer 44

When large amounts of calcium salts present as in c/o bone

Question 45

When is azan stain used

Answer 45

Used to distinguish osteoid from mineralized bone

Question 46

Principle of alizarin red s stain

Answer 46

Form orange red lake with calcium at pH 4.2 | Best for small amounts of calcium as in MG bodies

Question 47

What are MG bodies

Answer 47

Michaelis gutman bodies | Pathognomonic of malakoplakia( iron containing cytoplasmic laminated mineralized concretions)

Question 48

Stain used for Dupont automatic cyclic analyser(ACA) to measure serum calcium photometrically

Answer 48

Alizarin red S stain

Question 49

Best method to demonstrate mineralization of bone

Answer 49

Tetracycline labelling method

Question 50

Increased incidence of cancer in old age is d/t

Answer 50

Telomerase reactivation- critical step in dvt of 85% of human cancers Telomerase- enzyme that prevents shortening of telomeres Enzyme present in germ cells, absent in most somatic cells

Question 51

What is replicative senescence

Answer 51

With every cell division, there is some shortening of telomeres, when shortened beyond critical point--> cell cycle arrest--> apoptosis

Question 52

What are sirtuins

Answer 52

Reduce insulin sensitivity

Question 53

WERNER syndrome is

Answer 53

Premature ageing