Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pain and Anxiety for FINALS > Intravenous sedation > Flashcards

Intravenous sedation Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of IV sedation

A 
Given remote from operating site
Administered as single dose
Rapid onset
Mouth breathing not important
Pt co-operation less important
***
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Disadvantages of IV sedation (6)

A

Not clinically useful analgesia
Overdose can lead to profound respiratory depression
Laryngeal reflexes obtunded for a short period?
Occasional disinhibition effects
Occurrence of sexual fatasies
Pre/ post op instructions must be followed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pt management techniques (9)

A 
Time and TLC
Local analgesia
Psychotherapy
Hypnosis
Acupuncture
Inhalation sedation
Oral/ transmucal sedation
IV sedation
GA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Minimising anxiety (7)

A 
Empathy
Kindness
Courtesy
Explanation
Support
Time
Gentleness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Purpose of sedation (5)

A

Control of fear, anxiety and apprehension
Reduce stress associated with unpleasant/painful procedures
To control severe gag reflexes
Treatment of uncooperative patients, including children and those with disability
To stabilise the blood pressure of patients with hypertension and a history of cardiovascular cerebro-vascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Medical history (5)

A

Written questionnaire completed with the patient
Verbal discussion with patient
Contact GP
Liaise with other health care professionals
Advice from consultants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

American Society of Anaesthesiologists Physical Status Rating (5)

A 
I
II
II
IV
V A moribund pt not expected to live 24hrs
****
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dental history (5)

A 
Attitude to dental care
Past history
Past experience of sedation and GA
Recent history
Main dental problem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dental examination (7)

A 
Tx required
Length of procedure
Degree of trauma involved 
Muliple visits
Acute infection
Degree of pt co-operation required
Radiographs required during tx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Social history (7)

A 
Able to provide a responsible escort
Ability to understand and follow pre- and post-operative instructions
Someone to help at home
Able to take time off work
Someone to look after the children
Someone to stay overnight
Transport to and from the surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Consent (2)

A

Informed consent explains the benefits of treatment, the risks and disadvantages of treatment and the treatment alternatives to the patient in a language that they understand. Document for each course of treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Patients who lack capacity to give informed consent (6)

A

Discuss everything with next of kin; discuss treatment with care staff, appoint IMCA
Have 2 professionals (doctor/ dentist) independently agree that this treatment is in the best interests of the patient.
Named person to sign pre/post operative instructions
Liaise with parents/GP regarding medical history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Baseline physical assessment (7)

A 
Colour
Pulse
Respiration
Arterial oxygen saturation
Blood pressure
Weight
BMI
Level of consciousness
Degree of understanding and co-operation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Special tests e.g. (3)

A

Liver function test
ECG
Sickle cell test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Contraindications to IV sedation (6)

A 
Allergy to benzodiazepines
Pregnancy
Age
ASA III, IV, V
Poor veins
Drug interactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Equipment (6)

A 
Oxygen and emergency oxygen
Cylinder capable of giving 15l/ min
Attachments capable of administering IPPV
Within 'arms reach'
Checked each session
Records kept
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Suction (3)

A

Emergency suction
Non-mains powered suction
Attachments for oral and pharyngeal suction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Emergency drugs (3)

A

Flumazenil (Anexate) 0.5mg/5ml, and appropriate emergency drugs
Needles, syringes, cannula, tourniquet, tape, alcohol wipe
Staff trained and confident to use them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Other appropriate emergency drugs (2)

A

Midazolam 10mg/5ml

Saline for IV administratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Clinical effects of benzodiazepines (6)

A 
Anxiolysis
Sedation
Hypnosis
Amnesia
Anticonvulsant
Decrease in skeletal muscle tone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Set up for IV sedation

A

Midazolam, note expiry date/batch, 5ml syringe, straight needle for drawing up drug, pre injection swap/mediwipes, micropore tape, 22G cannula, gauze/ampoule opener, yellow sharps box, tourniquet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Normal values

A

Weight: 70kg,
Temperature: 36-37.5C 96.8-99.4F,
Colour: pink, well perfused,
Pulse: 70 beats per minute, full volume, regular,
Respiration: 12-20 regular breaths per minute
Blood pressure: 120/80 mm Hg 16/10 KPa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Colour

A

Pink, well perfused. Blue, cyanosed, check nailbeds, earlobes, lips, gingivae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Respiratory obstruction

A

Potentially fatal complication, may lead to coughing, straining, vomiting and regurgitation, suspected if snoring, paradoxical chest and abdominal movement, straining. Airway causes (edentulous patients), tongue, swelling, tumour, stricture, irradiation, epiglottis, restricted jaw opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Level of consciousness

A

Stand unaided with eyes closed, Romberg test, touch nose with forefinger, loss of facial expression/animated, eyes open/closed/ptosis, speech slurred/slow, respond to verbal command

26
Q

Pulse oximetry based on 3 principles (3)

A
  • The difference in absorption spectra of reduced and oxygenated haemoglobin
  • The Beer-Lambert Law
  • That only reduced and oxy-haemoglobin are present in the blood
27
Q

Paperwork (4)

A

Consent, medical history, signed pre and post operative instructions, sedation record sheet

28
Q

Second appropriate person (1)

A

BADN Registered Dental Nurse with Certificate in Dental Sedation Nursing

29
Q

Blood pressure (5)

A

Manual sphygmomanometer, electronic sphygmomanometer,

Pre-operative, intra-operative, post-operative

30
Q

Choice of IV sedating agent - historical and nowadays (3)

A

Diazepam 1966 historical
Midazolam 1984 - quick onset of action and rapid metabolism and excretion
Additional drugs - multidrug sedation - propofol and opiates require advanced airway management training

31
Q

Midazolam for injection (3)

A 
Clear, colourless isotonic solution
containing	
-sodium chloride
-hydrochloric acid
-sodium hydroxide
-in water for injection
pH 3.3  
Lipid soluble at physiological pH
32
Q

CNS - BZD receptors (1)

A

Benzodiazepines enhance inhibitory action of GABA in the CNS

33
Q

Midazolam - site of action (2)

A

BZD potentiate GABA by increasing the flux of Cl ions into the cell, thus decreasing the ability of the cell to initiate an action potential.

34
Q

GABA - inhibitory neurotransmitter (2)

A 
GABA - A  modulated by other receptors
-benzodiazepines
-barbiturates
-some steroids
-alcohol
GABA - B     skeletal muscle role
35
Q

GABA - A modulation (6)

A 
Opening of receptor channels (Cl influx)
	Anxiolytic effect
	Hypnotic sedative
	Anticonvulsive
	Amnestic effect
	Muscular relaxation
36
Q

Midazolam - pharmacokinetics (2)

A 
Elimination half life 1-2.8hrs
Onset of action:
	IV		*3 minutes
	IM		5 minutes
	Oral		15 minutes
	Nasal	15 minutes
	Rectal	15minutes
37
Q

Increased Midazolam availability (3)

A

Factors increasing half life:
age ( elderly)
sepsis
poor renal function

38
Q

Midazolam - additional effects (3)

A

Decreases ventilatory response to CO2
Decreases mean arterial pressure
Reduction of cerebral blood flow

39
Q

Midazolam contraindications (4)

A 
Hypersensitivity to BZP
 Myasthenia Gravis
 Shock or vital sign depression
 Acute narrow angle glaucoma
- open angle glaucoma with app. Rx
- ask treating physician
40
Q

Midazolam care (5)

A 
BZP use
 Opiates
 Alcohol abuse
 other sedatives 
 Social drugs
41
Q

Signs of midazolam overdose (5)

A 
over sedation
confusion
impaired coordination
diminished reflexes
decreasing vital signs/O2 sats
42
Q

What to do in a midazolam overdose (3)

A

Stop Midazolam
Oxygen
Reversal - Flumazanil 200ug in intial dose

43
Q

Flumazenil - pharmacokinetics (3)

A

Dose: 200-600ug IV

Competitive inhibitor of BZP
Elimination half life 53 minutes

Potential for re-sedation due to differences in half life

44
Q

Patient preparation (4)

A 
Pre assessed - Baseline observations
MH inc allergies and drugs noted   
(ASA assessment)
Written consent - treatment checked
Escort/ transport/ childcare etc checked
45
Q

Venepuncture (2)

A

IV access gained
- practice/ cannula knowledge
IA access - accidental
-pre drug admin: remove cannula - apply P
-post drug admin: leave cannula in place and
contact local vascular surgeons urgently

46
Q

Watch for which 3 things (3)

A

TRANSFIXATION

HAEMATOMA

EMBOLISM

47
Q

Types of embolism (3)

A

Thromboembolism
Cannula embolism
Air embolism

48
Q

Monitoring (4)

A

BP, HR and O2 Saturation
BP required Pre and Post treatment can be continuously monitored
O2 Saturation required throughout
Observation of patient - Vital signs

49
Q

Supplemental oxygen - always consider (5)

A 
Epilepsy
 IHD
 Previous CVA
 Heart Failure
 Anaemia/Sickle cell trait
50
Q

Operator behaviour (3)

A

Behaviour to induce confidence/relaxation
Quieten voices
Appropriate language

*Always have operator and additional trained person in room - record this

51
Q

Preparation of IV drugs (4)

A

NPSA guidelines on preparation and administration of drugs for injection

Sterility
Labelling
Disposal
Recording

52
Q

Local anaesthetic in sedation (2)

A

Midazolam has no analgesic properties

LA is required

-however suggestion can be powerful

53
Q

Midazolam titration (3)

A 
Slow IV administration of 2mg
Wait 90 seconds assess sedation
1mg 
Wait 90 seconds assess sedation
1mg  …
until desired sedation achieved
54
Q

Midazolam sedation (3)

A

Golden 20 minutes

Another 30 minutes possible
May require top ups

Realistic treatment in time
Dose range 2-10 mg usual

55
Q

Complications (4)

A 
Falling sats
 Under sedated
 Over sedated
 Venepuncture related
	-failed
	-bruising 
	-extravasation
56
Q

Recovery and discharge (5)

A

Monitor whilst recovering
Keep one hour after last IV dose of midazolam

Written and verbal post -op instructions to escort
Rhomberg
Steady on feet/walk unaided

57
Q

Additional post-op instructions - for 24 hours (4)

A

No driving/operating machinery inc. cooking, ironing
No alcohol/sedative drugs
No legal responsibilities inc. signing legal documents, looking after children, attending work
Patient not to be left alone

58
Q

Recording (5)

A 
Keep accurate contemporaneous notes
 Have a log of all medications used
 Dispose of unused Midazolam properly and witnessed
 Record any flumazanil use 
Regularly check drugs -exp dates
59
Q

Regular training/ checks (3)

A

All Resus drugs/equip checks
Staff training resus/emergencies

Have these logged within the practice

60
Q

Unusual side effects (1)

A

Sexual fantasy is thought to occur in 1 in 200 cases of midazolam sedation

61
Q

Drug abuse (4)

A

Dentists are high risk
Ensure drug recording/disposal practices are exemplary

Seek advice if you have any concerns
Senior colleague/MDU/MPS
You have a duty to report

Pain and Anxiety for FINALS (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions