Intro Flashcards
Basics (106 cards)
1
Q
What does Anatomy mean?
A
Study of bodily structure
- means “to cut apart”
2
Q
Types of Anatomy
A
- Gross **
- Microscopic **
- Specialized branches **
- Pathologic
- Radiographic
3
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
- Developmental **
- Regional **
- Systemic **
- Comparative
- Embryology
- Surface anatomy
4
Q
Pathologic anatomy
A
Examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease
5
Q
Radiographic anatomy
A
Studies relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific medical imaging procedures such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or x-ray.
6
Q
Levels of Anotomical Organization
A
- Chemical
- molecules, atoms
- Cellular
- organelles, cells
- Tissue
- groups of cells
- Organ
- 2 or more tissue types
- specific, complex functions
- recognizable shape
- System
- groups of related organs
- work together toward common function
- 11 organ systems
- Organismal
- highest level
- all parts of organism
7
Q
11 Organ Systems
A
- Integumentary
- external body covering; protection and sensation
- Skeletal
- internal support/structure; protection
- Muscular
- movement
- Nervous
- fast-acting control system
- Endocrine
- hormonal control; secreted by glands
- Cardiovascular
- distributes via circulating blood
- Lymphatic
- returns fluid leaked from blood; immune defense
- Respiratory
- exchanges gases (O2, CO2) w/environment
- Digestive
- breakdown and absorption of food; elimination of undigestible food
- Urinary
- removes metabolic wastes from blood as urine
- Reproductive
- produces offspring
8
Q
Anatomical Position
A
The subject stands erect facing observer, w/head level, eyes forward. Feet flat on floor and directed forward, and arms at sides with palms facing forward.
9
Q
Anterior
A
To the front of the body
10
Q
Posterior
A
To the back of the body
11
Q
Superior
A
Above/towards the skull
12
Q
Inferior
A
Below/to the feet
13
Q
Proximal
A
Closest to point of attachment
14
Q
Distal
A
Furthest from point of attachment
15
Q
Medial
A
Closer to the middle
16
Q
Lateral
A
Closer to the side
17
Q
Ipsilateral
A
On the same side
18
Q
Contralateral
A
On the opposite side
19
Q
Deep
A
On the inside
20
Q
Superficial
A
On the outside
21
Q
Dorsal
A
Toward the backside
22
Q
Ventral
A
Toward the belly side
23
Q
Cranial
A
At the head end
24
Q
Caudal
A
At the tail end
25
Rostral
Toward the nose/mouth
26
Planes of sections
1. Coronal (frontal) plane
- front and back
2. Transverse plane
- top and bottom; horizontal/cross-section
3. Sagittal plane
- left and right
* mid-sagittal - directly divided in the middle
* para-sagittal - further left or right mid-sagittal
4. Oblique plane
- any plane sliced at an angle
27
Ventral Body Cavities
```
A. Thoracic
1. Pleural
2. Mediastinum
a. Pericardial
b. Superior Mediastinum
B. Abdominopelvic
1. Abdominal
2. Pelvic
```
28
Dorsal Body Cavities
1. Cranial
| 2. Vertebal
29
Cranial cavity
Formed by cranium; houses brain
30
Vertebral canal
Formed by vertebral column; contains spinal cord
31
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity; bordered anteriorly and laterally by chest wall and inferiorly by diaphragm
32
Mediastinum
Contains pericardial cavity, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels
33
Pericardial cavity
Contains the heart
34
Pleural cavity
Contains the lungs
35
Abdominopelvic cavity
Composed of Abdominal and Pelvic cavities
36
Abdominal cavity
Bordered superiorly by diaphragm and inferiorly by a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. Associated with abdominal viscera, including stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine, kidneys, and ureters
37
Pelvic cavity
Region located between hip bones and interior to a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. Associated with pelvic viscera, including urinary bladder, urethra, internal reproductive organs, some of large intestine
38
Abdominopelvic quadrants
1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
2. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
3. Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
39
Abdominopelvic regions
1. Right Hypochondriac Region
- liver, gallbladder, diaphragm
2. Right Lumbar Region
- ascending colon of large intestine
3. Right Iliac Region
- cecum, appendix
4. Epigastric Region
- stomach, liver, diaphragm
5. Umbilical Region
- small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine
6. Hypogastric Region
- urinary bladder, small intestine
7. Left Hypochondriac Region
- diaphragm, spleen
8. Left Lumbar Region
- descending colon of large intestine
9. Left Iliac Region
- initial part of Sigmund colon
40
Integumentary System
Provides protection, regulates body temp, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss
Organs: skin & associared glands, hair, nails
41
Skeletal System
Provides support and protection, site of hemopolesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachments.
Organs: skull, sternum, rib, cartilage, vertebrae, sacrum, upper limb bones, humerus, radius, ulna, lower limb bones, femur, tibia, fibula, knee joint
42
Muscular System
Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract
Organs: orbicularis oculi, temporalis, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, rectus abdominis, aponeurosis, tendons, sartorius, quadriceps femoris, gastrocnemius
43
Lymphatic Sustem
Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) and initiates an immune response when necessary
Organs: tonsils, cervical lymph nodes, thymus, axillary lymph nodes, mammary plexus, thoracic duct, spleen, lymphatic vessel, inguinal lymph nodes, popliteal lymph node, lymph vessel
44
Respiratory System
Responsible for exchange of gases (O2, CO2), between blood and air in lungs
Organs: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, thoracic diaphragm
45
Digestive System
Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.
Organs: oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus
46
Nervous System
A regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, and helps control all other systems of the body. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory.
Organs: brain, sense organ (eye), spinal cord, nerves, caudia equina
47
Endocrine System
Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, and some of which regulate body and cellular growth, chemical levels in the body, and reproductive functions
Organs: hypothalamus, penial gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroids, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, ovaries, testes
48
Cardiovascular System
Consists of the heart (a pump), blood, and blood vessels; heart moves blood through blood vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products
Organs: heart, carotid artery, jugular vein, superior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, brachial artery, aorta, inferior vena cava, femoral artery and vein
49
Urinary System
Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body.
Organs: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
50
Femal Reproductive System
Produces female sex cells (oocytes), and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, and produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn
Organs: mammary gland, uterus, ovary, uterine tube, vagina, external genitalia (clitoris, labia)
51
Male Reproductive System
Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone); transfers sperm to the female.
Organs: seminal vesicle, ductus deferens, prostate gland, penis, urethra, epididymis, testes, scrotum
52
Cephalic Region
Head
53
Frontal Region
Forehead
54
Orbital region
Eye
55
Nasal region
Nose
56
Oral region
Mouth
57
Buccal region
Cheek
58
Cervical region
Neck
59
Mental region
Chin
60
Deltoid region
Shoulder
61
Axillary region
Armpit
62
Sternal region
Sternum
63
Pectoral region
Chest
64
Mammary region
Breast
65
Brachial region
Arm
66
Antecubital
Front of elbow
67
Antebrachial
Forearm
68
Abdominal
Abdomen
69
Coxal region
Hip
70
Pelvic region
Pelvis
71
Carpal region
Wrist
72
Inguinal region
Groin
73
Public region
Privates
74
Palmar region
Palm
75
Digital region
Finger
76
Femoral region
Thigh
77
Patellar region
Kneecap
78
Crural region
Leg (lower)
79
Pes region
Foot
80
Tarsal region
Ankle
81
Digital
Toe
82
Cranial region
Surrounding the brain
83
Occipital region
Back of the head
84
Auricular region
Ear
85
Thoracic region
Sternum, chest, breast
86
Vertebral region
Spinal column
87
Olecranal region
Back of elbow
88
Lumbar region
Lower back; loins
89
Sacral region
Posterior region between hip bones
90
Gluteal region
Buttock
91
Manus region
Hand
92
Dorsum region
Back of hand
93
Perineal region
Perineum; between the thighs; anus and external reproductive organs
94
Popliteal region
Back of knee
95
Sural region
Calf; posterior part of leg
96
Calcaneal region
Heel of foot
97
Plantar region
Sole of foot
98
Dorsal region
Back
99
Fibular region
Lateral aspect of leg
100
Hallux region
Great toe
101
Pollex region
Thumb
102
Pubic region
Anterior region of pelvis
103
Radial region
Lateral aspect of forearm
104
Scapular region
Shoulder blade
105
Tibial region
Medial aspect of leg
106
Ulnar region
Medial aspect of forearm
