Intro

Question 1

small organisms that usually require a
microscope to be seen

Answer 1

Microbes / Microorganisms

Question 2

Germ actually comes from the Latin word ________

Answer 2

germen (to sprout; to germinate)

Question 3

form the basis of the food chain in oceans, lakes, and
rivers

Answer 3

Marine and freshwater microbes

Question 4

break down wastes and incorporate nitrogen gas from the air into organic compounds, thereby recycling
chemical elements among soil, water, living organisms, and air.

Answer 4

Soil microbes

Question 5

enzymes from microbes can be manipulated to cause the microbes to produce substances they normally don’t synthesize, including:

Answer 5

-cellulose
-human insulin
-proteins for vaccines

Question 6

-microbes that live stably in and on the human body
-humans and many other animals depend on these microbes to maintain good health.

Answer 6

Human microbiome / Microbiota

Question 7

the population of microorganisms that inhabit the skin and mucous membranes of healthy normal persons

Answer 7

Normal Microbiota

Question 8

microorganisms that are only temporarily found in the human body, and may include pathogenic microorganisms

Answer 8

Transient Microbiota

Question 9

the movement of genetic information across normal mating barriers, between more or less distantly related organisms; process where microbes can swap genes with each other

Answer 9

horizontal gene transfer

Question 10

Types of microorganisms

Answer 10

-bacteria
-virus
-archaea
-fungi
-protozoa

Question 11

Why are bacteria called prokaryotes?

Answer 11

their genetic material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane

Question 12

difference of cell wall between archaea and bacteria

Answer 12

archaea- no peptidoglycan
bacteria - has peptidoglycan

Question 13

three main groups of archaea

Answer 13

• thermophiles
• halophiles
• methanogens

Question 14

live in extremely salty environments such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea

Answer 14

halophiles

Question 15

produce methane as
a waste product from respiration

Answer 15

methanogens

Question 16

live in hot sulfurous water, such as hot springs at Yellowstone National Park

Answer 16

thermophiles

Question 17

True or False

Archaea are known to cause disease to humans

Answer 17

False

Question 18

True or False

Fungi cannot carry out
photosynthesis

Answer 18

True

Question 19

True fungi have cell walls composed primarily of a substance called ______

Answer 19

chitin

Question 20

unicellular forms of fungi that oval microorganisms that are larger than bacteria

Answer 20

yeasts

Question 21

most typical fungi

Answer 21

Molds

Question 22

Molds can form visible masses of ____ that are cottony growths sometimes found on bread and fruit

Answer 22

mycelia

Question 23

the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

Answer 23

hyphae

Question 24

How do fungi obtain nourishment?

Answer 24

by absorbing organic material from their environment

Question 25

Protozoa move by:

Answer 25

-pseudopods -flagella -cilia

Question 26

Amebae move by using extensions of their cytoplasm called | Amebae is plural form of amoeba

Answer 26

pseudopods

Question 27

microscopic hair-like structures involved in the locomotion of a cell

Answer 27

flagella | sing. flagellum

Question 28

numerous shorter appendages for locomotion

Answer 28

cilia | singular. cillium

Question 29

organisms that derive nutrients from living hosts

Answer 29

parasites

Question 30

The cell walls of many algae are composed of a carbohydrate called ____

Answer 30

cellulose

Question 31

most viruses can only be seen with this tool

Answer 31

electron microscope

Question 32

a virus particle contains a core made of only one type of nucleic acid, either:

Answer 32

- DNA - RNA

Question 33

carbohydrate slimes exuded by bacteria; highly amorphous

Answer 33

capsules

Question 34

what happens if capsules reduce growth?

Answer 34

protect against predators, but makes it more difficult to obtain nutrients

Question 35

2 types of bacteria

Answer 35

* Gram negative (G-) * Gram positive (G+)

Question 37

makes bacteria capable of withstanding huge internal pressures

Answer 37

murein in cell wall

Question 38

The space where the murein layer sits between the cytoplasmic inner & outer membranes

Answer 38

periplasm

Question 39

these side chains are recognized by our immune system & are attached to a “core”

Answer 39

O-specific side chains of Lipopoly Saccharides

Question 40

membrane tunnels in bacteria which allow small molecules (600-700 Da) through.

Answer 40

porins

Question 41

Periplasmic space

Answer 41

provides “additional reaction volume” for cell; often contains enzymes & binding proteins

Question 42

proteinaceous filaments that help mediate attachment to surfaces & allow for the exchange of genetic material

Answer 42

fimbriae & pili

Question 43

crystalline protein layers on cell surfaces, act as filters

Answer 43

S-layers

Question 44

Flagellum can turn in both directions:

Answer 44

Counter Clockwise Rotation → runs forward → Clockwise Rotation → tumbles backward

Question 45

turn mRNA into proteins ## Footnote this process is called translation

Answer 45

ribosomes

Question 46

What happens if a cell lacks nutrients?

Answer 46

It eats its own ribosomes to survive (shrinks) because ribosomes make up much of all volume.

Question 47

Ribosomal subunits

Answer 47

* Large (50 S): 23 S Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3,000 NT long, 5 S * Small (30 S): 16 S tRNA ~ 1,500 NT ## Footnote NT = nanotesla

Question 48

allows bacteria to last for tens of thousands of years

Answer 48

Endospores

Question 49

rRNA gene copy number in genomes ## Footnote gene copy numbers are aka operons

Answer 49

1-15 copies/genome

Question 50

# prokaryotes or eukaryotes present? Plasmids

Answer 50

prokaryotes: + eukaryotes: (rare)

Question 51

# prokaryotes or eukaryotes present? Chromosome

Answer 51

prokaryotes: + eukaryotes: +

Question 52

# prokaryotes or eukaryotes present? Mitochondria, Chloroplast

Answer 52

prokaryotes: - eukaryotes: +

Question 53

# prokaryotes or eukaryotes present? Viruses (infect)

Answer 53

prokaryotes: + eukaryotes: +

Question 54

# prokaryotes or eukaryotes present? Transposable elements

Answer 54

prokaryotes: + eukaryotes: +

Question 55

CFU

Answer 55

Colony Forming Units

Question 56

Prokaryote chromosomes

Answer 56

-Single (up to 3) − haploid (1 copy) − circular (some linear) − supercoiled − small & efficiently organized ~ 4.7 Mb ~ 3,000 genes

Question 57

Eukaryote chromosomes

Answer 57

Multiple − di → polyploid − linear − coiled around histones − large & redundant ~ 40,000 genes

Question 58

encodes several proteins and is characteristic of many bacterial and chloroplast mRNAs

Answer 58

Polycystronic mRNA

Question 59

have adapted so well to high salt concentrations that they actually require them for growth

Answer 59

obligate halophiles

Question 60

do not require high salt concentrations but are able to grow at salt concentrations up to 2% ## Footnote at 2% concentration the growth of many other organisms are inhibited

Answer 60

facultative halophiles

Question 61

2 major groups of parasitic worms

Answer 61

-roundworms -flatworms

Question 62

parasitic worms are collectively known as ______

Answer 62

helminths

Question 63

This scientist devised a system of classification based on the cellular structue of the organism

Answer 63

Carl Woese

Question 64

3 domains of organisms based on cellular structure

Answer 64

1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya

Question 65

Types of Eukarya

Answer 65

● Protists (slime molds, protozoa, and algae) ● Fungi (unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, and mushrooms) ● Plants (mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants) ● Animals (sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates)

Question 66

were the first living cells to appear on Earth

Answer 66

Bacterial ancestors

Question 67

the first to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of the more than 400 microscopes he constructed

Answer 67

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 68

archaic term referring to microorganisms ## Footnote This word was invented by Leeuwenhoek

Answer 68

animalcules