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Neurodev > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

a protein that can enter the nucleus, bind to DNA and alter gene expression
it binds to a promoter - enhances or blocks transcription

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2
Q

what is a morphogen?

A

a diffusible signalling molecule that induces cell responses in a conc dependent manner

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3
Q

what is Shh

A

sonic hedgehog
is a morphogen
it originated from the notochord and induced Shh in the ventral spinal chord
forms a morphogen gr on the dorso-ventral axis
high on ventral side

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4
Q

What opposes Shh?

A

BMP and Wnts - are high on dorsal side

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5
Q

What is bicoid?

A

a morphogen and a transcription factor
- is not typical
binds to patched at diff thresholds and activates different cell types along the AP axis

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6
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the hypothalamus?

A

Paraventricular
Tuberal
mammillary

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7
Q

Where is the main brain- body interface?

A

the median emminence and the posterior pituitary

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8
Q

What neurons are important for energy balance?

A

Arc neurons
specifically 2 classes - pomc and NPY

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9
Q

what do pomc and NPY have receptors for?

A

leptin/ insulin
allows direct measuring of the body energy level

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10
Q

How does leptin affect NPY and pomc neurons?

A

Leptin inhibits NPY
stimulates pomc

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11
Q

what do NPY neurons do?

A

stimulate food intake
reduce energy expenditure

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12
Q

What do pomc neurons do?

A

reduce food intake
increase energy expenditure

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13
Q

What does ISlet1 do?

A

islet1 1 is important for the development of pomc neurons

Isl1 binds to critical homeodomain binding DNA motifs (nPE1, nPE2) present in pomc enhancers
- needed for the activation of pomc transcription

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14
Q

Where is Shh expressed + what does it do?

A

expressed in the notochord and the prechordal mesoderm
induces hypothalamic floor plate cells

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15
Q

what does genetic deletion of Shh lead to ?

A

complete failure in hypothalamic development
cyclopia phenotype - fused brain

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16
Q

what regulated neurogenesis?

A

Notch
all progenitors upregulate notch when deciding to become a neuron
notch leads to the activation of neurogenic program genes

17
Q

How are tuberal progenitors born?

A
  1. Hypothalamic floor plate cells move due to convergent extension
  2. cells at leading tip encounter BMP signalling zone (cells exposed to BMP express FGF10)
  3. as they move past they become tuberal progenitors
  4. once all tuberal progenitors are born - convergent extension slows
  5. posterior-most cells expression FGF10 will remain exposed to high lvls of BMP
    - upregulate genes that make them stem cell like
    (are able to self-renew throughout life) - are maintained as radial-glial tanycytes
18
Q

what do FGF10 expressing cells express?

A

TF Rax

19
Q

What happens when alpha-tanycytes are exposed to FGF?

A

self renew + give rise to other tanycyte subsets
might be a mechanism to allow for allostasis

20
Q

Where are corticotropin releasing hormone neurons located?

A

in the paraventricular nucelus

21
Q

Steps of cortisol release?

A
  1. Crh neuronal cell bodies are located in the periventricular nucleus
    their axons project to the median imminence
  2. CRh is released into portal capillary network
    - travels to anterior pituitary
  3. crh binds to cells called corticotrophs
    - release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
    which enters the circulatory system
  4. ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete cortisol
22
Q

what downregulated cortisol release?

A

cortisol binds to mineralocorticid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor in cells of the pituitary
- dampens the response
so response is acute

23
Q

What steps lead to secretion from the anterior pituitary?

A

4 classes of neurons from the PVN and arc project axons into the median imminence
- secrete regulatory neurohormones/ neuropeptides to local portal circulation
- have direct links to anterior pituitary

24
Q

What steps lead to secretion from the posterior pituitary?

A

2 classes of PVn neurons make neurohormones (oxytocin and vasopressin)
- axons project into posterior pituitary
secrete hormones directly into the general circulation

Neurodev (8 decks)

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