Intro

Question 1

Why seafood?

Answer 1

• livelihoods (800mio)
• growing sector, food security
• generating income
• Super lucrative

Question 2

Why not seafood

Answer 2

• With 180mt more production than poultry
• environmental impacts, etc

Question 3

Uses of seafood (8)

Answer 3

• live feeds
• ornamental fish (e.g. koi)
• pharma (e.g. omega3)
• cosmetics
• Biofuel
• jewelery
• restocking
• research

Question 4

How much of aquaculture and fisheries on land?

Answer 4

• 62% aquaculture
• 12.7 fisheries

Question 5

advantage aquaculture > fisheries

Answer 5

· Controlled and constant supply
· Seafood in land-locked areas (preventing more pollution?)
- More control of slaughtering process

Question 6

biggest producers

Answer 6

Asia
1. China
2. India
3. Indonesia
4. Vietnam
5. Bangladesh
Rest of world
6. Egypt
7. Norway etc

Question 7

main consumers (8)

Answer 7

· China
· South Korea
· Japan
· Norway
· Portugal
· Greenland
· Thailand
· Generally coastal regions

Question 8

How has aquaculture developed?(3)

Answer 8

• strong growth in Africa (little output), and Americas
• diversity in capture fisheries
• fish for human consumption becomes minority

Question 9

what is most produced?

Answer 9

1. seaweed and kelp
2. freshwaterfish, algae, CDMM
   (crustaceans, diadromous fish, marine fish, miscellaneous)

Question 10

aquaculture systems (4)

Answer 10

• ponds (freshwater, shrimps)
• raceways (trout, tilapia, marine fish)
• cages (marine fish e.g. salmon, seabass)
• recirculating

Question 11

characteristics ponds (2)

Answer 11

• low oxygen capacity
  -> low stocking density
• combi of natural food web and additional feeding

Question 12

characteristics raceways (3)

Answer 12

• high stocking density
• stable water quality
• high water consumption

Question 13

characteristics cages (3)

Answer 13

• harvesting at sea
• stable water quality (open connection waterbodies)
  -high stocking density

Question 14

characteristics recirculating (3)

Answer 14

• very high stocking density
  -> necessary to cover costs
• uses water, filters it, recycles it
• stable/controlled environment (light, water temp. etc)

Question 15

differences of production systems (food security driven/profit driven)

Answer 15

• FS: small scale
  /profit: large scale
• FS: pond culture
  /profit: monoculture
• FS more efficient
  -> low external feed input due to natural food web
  -> uses multi-trophic approach (highly efficient)
  /profit less efficient
  -> high additional feeding because mono -> higher costs

Question 16

Bottlenecks of aquaculture (6) and why?

Answer 16

1. Fish meal & oil (wild catching for feed pressure on populations
2. Drugs & chemicals ( affecting fish and ecosystem)
3. escaped fish (food/territory competition, genetic pollution, transmitting diseases)
4. fish waste (eutrophication)
5. predators (get entangled, deterring loudspeakers altering natural behaviour)
6. diseases & parasites (spreading to wild fish)

Question 17

what is FCR?

Answer 17

Food conversion ratio = the growth of an individual measured by amount of food given

Question 18

why no vaccines against diseases, what alternative?

Answer 18

not cost, time and labour efficient; switching to more resilient species

Question 19

Threats of climate change on aquaculture (8)

Answer 19

• cyclons
• drought
• flood
• global warming
• ocean acidification
• rainfall variation
• salinity
• sea level rise

Question 20

Impacts of climate change (4)

Answer 20

• affecting nursery stocking
• higher mortality
• effect on feeding
• lower growth

Question 21

what is the blue transformation

Answer 21

the goal to make aquaculture more sustainable for more production, better nutrition, better environment and better life for all

Question 22

why is blue transformation necessary/important?

Answer 22

necessary to still meet food demands in 2050 (baseline:22.3kg/y per capita; 2050: 25.5kg/year per capita)

Question 23

what are ecosystem services and which are there (4)?

Answer 23

benefits for humans provided by nature;
1. provisioning (resources)
2. regulating (co2 absorption eg?)
3 supporting (sustain liveforms)
4. cultural (nature recreation)

Question 24

scales of Ecosystem Approach in Aquaculture (EAA) and its characteristics)

Answer 24

1. local (short term impact, in vicinity of farm)
   2.. regional (medium term, spreading further from farm, e.g in waterbodies)
2. global (cumulative->whole value chain->longterm; e.g. climate change)

Question 25

what is anoxia and hypoxia?

Answer 25

Hypoxia = low levels of oxygen
Anoxia=oxygen levels at 0

Question 26

explain benthos and pelagos

Answer 26

benthos: fish on sea floor, near coast
pelagic: open water fish, opposite benthos

Question 27

what can be solutions to benthic eutrophication/ local aquaculture impacts (7)

Answer 27

• more digestible feed
• food control/no overfeeding
• Technology
• GMO
• Sex control
• selective breeding
• collect and treat/recycle waste (EAA)

Question 28

Regional impacts/threats (3)

Answer 28

• eutrophication
• disease/parasite spread from wild fish to farm (due to current)
  -> higher mortality, less growth, more FCR
• escapees
  -> spreading pathogens, territory/food competition, genetic pollution,

Question 29

Global impacts (3)

Answer 29

• (CC)
• feed food competition -> overfishing
• food alteration, little used for consumption

Question 30

what is feed food competition?

Answer 30

Fish that is caught to feed fish could also be consumed by humans