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INTRO Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Scientific study of animal behavior

A

Ethology

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2
Q

Factors that animals cannot control

A

Internal stimuli

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3
Q

Factors that animals can react in response to (ex: not / cold temperature)

A

External stimuli

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4
Q

Movement that animal makes in response to external or internal stimuli

A

Behavior

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5
Q

Describing behavior in an animal’s natural habitat, comparing similar behaviors in closely related species

A

Classical ethology

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6
Q

Observation and recording of animal behavior

A

Ethogram

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7
Q

Immediate reason or cause for behavior

A

Causation

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8
Q

Development of an animal throughout its lifespan

A

Ontogeny

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9
Q

Progeny

A

Offspring

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10
Q

Measure of reproductive success

A

Fitness

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11
Q

Ability to leave progeny in the next generation

A

Fitness

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12
Q

Behavior that appears in fully functional form the first time it is performed

A

Instinct

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13
Q

The basic unit of heredity

A

Gene

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14
Q

Basis of characteristic processes of growth,development, and reproduction

A

Gene

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15
Q

Observable characteristics/ behavior

A

Phenotype

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16
Q

Unique combination of genes possessed by no other animals unless it has an identical twin

A

Genotype

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17
Q

Alters behavior by increasing growth rate sexual maturity

A

Hybridization

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18
Q

Application of the body of knowledge about behavior to practical problems and situations

A

Applied animal behavior

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19
Q

Study on animal learning and attempts to elucidate laws of behavior by studying laboratory species

A

Animal psychology

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20
Q

Explains the changes occurring within the species

A

Natural selection

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21
Q

Selection of individuals that were most fit

A

Natural selection

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22
Q

2 major types of change under natural selection

A

Divergent evolution
Convergent evolution

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23
Q

Interaction of genes and environment in which each phase of development sets the age for the next

A

Epigenesis

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24
Q

_____ influences upon development are most important just after birth or hatching

A

Environment

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25
Process of learning that occurs at a particular stage of development
Imprinting
26
Evolutionary phenomenon involving changes in the gene pool of population
Domestication
27
Breeding care, and feeding of animal more or less controlled by man
Domestication
28
First domesticated animal
Dog
29
Animals that have never been domesticated
Wild animals
30
Animals that have lost their fear in man
Tamed animals
31
Animals that were one time domesticated but are no longer cared for by man
Feral
32
Behavioral changes under domestication (4)
Loss of pair bonding Loss of broodiness Reduced flightiness& aggressiveness Extension of breeding season
33
An animal's _____ is the product of its genetic composition the environment in which the animal functions, and the animal's experience
Behavior
34
5 freedoms equally important for family pets
Hunger and thirst Discomfort Pain, injury, or disease Fear and distress Freedom to express normal species behavior
35
Show dysfunction in action and behavior
Abnormal behavior
36
Agonistic behavior
Aggression
37
Is an endogenous timing system that continues without any external cues and controls the activities of plants and animals
Biological clock
38
4 biological rhythms
Circadian Circatidal Circalunar Circannual
39
3 types of circadian rhythm's
Diurnal Nocturnal Crepuscular
40
2 types of crepuscular animals
Matutinal Vespertine
41
Behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle
Circadian rhythms
42
Active by day
Diurnal
43
Active by night
Nocturnal
44
Active by dusk/dawn.
Crepuscular
45
Crepuscular animals active at dawn
Matutinal
46
Crepuscular animals active at dusk
Vespertine
47
Rhythms are cycles synchronized by tides
Circatidal
48
Rhythmic behavior with a period of a lunar month
Circalunar
49
often associated with migratory behaviors, hibernation, dormancy, etc
Circannual rhythms
50
Traits favoring animal domestication (5)
Stable dominance relationship Sexual dimorphism Rapid bonding of mother to young Precocial development Adaptable to change
51
Heterogenous group of behaviors that include both stereotypies and compulsive/ impulsive behaviors
Abnormal repetitive behaviors
52
Any of the behaviors that are maladaptive, repetitive or fixed, and pathologically abnormal
Abnormal repetitive behavior
53
Anticipation of future danger or misfortune
Anxiety
54
Arises when a pet has competing motivations more than one opposing behavior
Conflict
55
The animal is unable -physically or behaviorally -to execute another activity or otherwise occupy itself
Displacement behavior
56
The behavior may be out of context with the situation
Displacement behavior
57
Competitive control over a resource in a limited circumstance and to the ability of a higher-ranking animal to displace a lower-ranking one from that resource
Dominance
58
Feeling of apprehension associated with the presence or proximity of an object, individual or social situation
Fear
59
When an animal is motivated to engage in a sequence of behaviors that is unable to complete because of physical and psychological obstacles in the environment
Frustration
60
When individuals in one species, or closely related species, acquire enough variations in their traits that it leads to two distinct new species
Divergent evolution
61
When two unrelated species develop similar traits because they live in similar environments
Convergent evolution
62
Involve sudden, all-or-nothing, profound, abnormal responses that result in extremely fearful behaviors
Phobia
63
When the animal is in a state of emotional arousal and is unable to reach the appropriate target, the behavior can be redirected to an alternative target if the animal is interrupted
Redirected behavior
64
Persevering repetition of behaviors that are unvaried in sequence and have no obvious purpose or function
Stereotypic behaviors
65
When an animal is highly motivated to perform an instinctive behavior but there is no available outlet
Vacuum activity
66
Ethology is made up of 2 Greek words + meaning
Ethos - habit Logos - study
67
Most common examples of animal behavior
Feeding Courtship Nesting Migration Hunting Aggression Breeding activity Territorial behavior
68
Alters behavior by changing The gene construction of the nucleus, leading to differences from parent forms
Mutation
69
May be the next domesticated animal
Sheep
70
What percentage of animals are nocturnal
70%
71
Why do nocturnal animals tend to be active at night?
To evade predators and hunt with less competition
72
What do circadian rhythms affect in animals?
Sleeping and feeding patterns Brain have activity Hormone production Other biological activities
73
How often do circatidal rhythms occur?
Roughly twice per day
74
What causes circannual rhythms?.
Tilt of the earth's axis, causing seasonal changes
75
Determinants of animal behavior
Natural selection Genetics Environment Domestication

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