intro

Question 1

the art and science of civil engineering that determines the relative (comparable) position of points on, above or beneath the surface of the Earth by measuring the horizontal and vertical distances, angles, elevations and taking the details of these points and by preparing a map or plan to any suitable scale

Answer 1

Surveying

Question 2

two functions of surveying

Answer 2

-to determine the existing relative horizontal and vertical position such as that used for the process of mapping
-* The establishment of marks to control construction or to indicate land boundaries.

Question 3

main objective of surveying

Answer 3

to show all the features of the earth’s surface (larger area) prepared as a plan or map in a horizontal plane.

Question 4

If the range represents a small area

Answer 4

map

Question 5

if the scale denotes a more substantial space

Answer 5

plan

Question 6

the objective of surveing

Answer 6

• To determine the relative position of any objects or points of the earth.
• To determine the distance and angle between different objects.
• To prepare a map or plan to represent an area on a horizontal plan.
• To develop methods through the knowledge of modern science and the technology and use them in the field.
• To solve measurement problems in an optimal way.

Question 7

represent the accurate graphic representations of features on the Earth, such as rivers, streams, lakes, woods, valleys, hills, towns, villages, forests, contours and cliffs, and depressions.

Answer 7

Topographic maps,

Question 8

representing the land boundaries (property lines) and houses for legal purposes.

Answer 8

Cadastral maps

Question 9

represent the details of engineering works such as dams, buildings, railways, road work, irrigation canals, reservoirs, and transmission lines.

Answer 9

Engineering maps

Question 10

represent the road and railway communications with different parts of a country and different strategic points essential for the defense of a country

Answer 10

Military maps

Question 11

represents the capacity of reservoirs and the best possible transportation routes.

Answer 11

Contour Maps

Question 12

navigation routes on water bodies, water supply, and harbors or determine mean sea level.

Answer 12

Hydrographic Maps

Question 13

help to determine the different strata in the Earth’s crust.

Answer 13

Geological Maps

Question 14

help unearth relics of antiquity.

Answer 14

Archaeological Maps

Question 15

helps to determine the latitudes and longitudes of any points on the Earth.

Answer 15

Astronomical Survey

Question 16

The general principles of surveying are

Answer 16

1. To work from the whole to the part
2. Locating new points by measurement of minimum two reference points

Question 17

when the earth’s surface is assumed to be a plane, and the curvature of the earth is omitted,

Answer 17

Plane Surveying

Question 18

The earth’s surface is not considered as plane and curvature of the planet also taken into account for measurement

Answer 18

Geodetic Surveying.

Question 19

is the investigation of the terrain like the river, falls, or maybe a town, village.

Answer 19

• Land Survey

Question 20

involves discovering the sea level, mean sea level, and planning, preparing of harbor construction.

Answer 20

Marine Survey

Question 21

To find out the fixed point of any location of the earth’s surface

Answer 21

Astronomical Survey

Question 22

used to determine the data used in engineering works in buildings, bridges, and roads.

Answer 22

• Engineering Survey

Question 23

Preparation of the map for military areas.

Answer 23

• Defense Survey

Question 24

This survey shall be carried out to explore mineral wealth below the earth’s surface

Answer 24

• Mine Survey

Question 25

is carried out by the government to develop the map of the natural resources of a country.

Answer 25

* Geological survey

Question 26

To prepare a map of the ancient area location of a country.

Answer 26

* Archaeological survey

Question 27

The basis of this survey method is trigonometry, mostly it is carried out in the hills area.

Answer 27

* Triangulation Survey

Question 28

this survey method contains a series of connected lines. In this survey, the length and direction of the lines have been measured by the tape. The angle between the lines is also noted for calculating the survey area

Answer 28

Transverse Survey

Question 29

the conventional method of surveying, which is used to survey small land. The survey areas are divided into a number triangle and can be calculated.

Answer 29

Chain Surveying

Question 30

The survey points are connected as a series of lines and measured by the compass instrument’s magnetic bearing. The angle between the lines is measured, and the chain measures the length of the lines.

Answer 30

Compass Surveying

Question 31

suitable where the area is not larger & does not require high accuracy. The fieldwork points are simultaneously plotted on the drawing, which is placed over the plane table. The plotted points are correlative with each other.

Answer 31

Plane Table Surveying

Question 32

used where high accuracy of results required. used in all types of construction, roads, bridges, dam & pipeline projects.

Answer 32

Theodolite Surveying

Question 33

used mainly in contour surveying. The measurement of the distance can be taken in both horizontal & vertical directions. The stadia distance and reduced level will be calculated for the distance of the points.

Answer 33

Tacheometric Surveying

Question 34

mostly used where the earth’s surface is uneven.

Answer 34

Dumpy Level or Auto Level

Question 35

To discover the overview of an area

Answer 35

Aerial Surveying

Question 36

electronic instrument that is mostly preferred for surveying at present.

Answer 36

Total Station

Question 37

It was originally designed for determining the altitude of stars.(Hipparchus )

Answer 37

Astrolabe

Question 38

the universal surveying instrument by young and draper

Answer 38

Transit

Question 39

early surveying instrument which was used to measure and layoff angles, and establish lines of sight by employing peep sights

Answer 39

Semicircumferensor

Question 40

One of the oldest types of surveying instruments used in field mapping

Answer 40

Plane Table

Question 41

used in leveling and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.

Answer 41

Dioptra

Question 42

instrument for aligning· or sighting points.

Answer 42

Groma

Question 43

was used to determine the horizontal. Archeolo¬gists are of the belief that the horizontal foundations of the great pyramids of Egypt were probably defined by this device.

Answer 43

Libella

Question 44

a short auxiliary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of an instrument, by means of which fractional parts of the smallest or least division of the main scale can be determined precisely without having to interpolate

Answer 44

Vernier

Question 45

used for leveling, laying off right angles, and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. most famous surveying instrument of greeks

Answer 45

Diopter

Question 46

for determining the direction of lines and in calculating angles between lines

Answer 46

Compass

Question 47

the forerunner of instruments used for taping distances.

Answer 47

Gunter's Chain

Question 48

a device for measuring time and meridian

Answer 48

Merchet

Question 49

designed for leveling work. It consisted of a horizontal straight-edge about 6 meters long with supporting legs, and a groove 2.5 cm deep and, 1.5m long on top.

Answer 49

Chorobates

Question 50

a comparison of the measured quantity with a standard measuring unit or units employed for measuring a quantity of that kind

Answer 50

Direct Measurements

Question 51

When it is not possible to apply a measuring instrument directly to a quantity to be measured

Answer 51

Indirect Measurements

Question 52

The person who is responsible for the overall direction, supervision and operational control of the survey party.

Answer 52

Chief of Party

Question 53

The person whose duty is to assist the chief of party in the accomplishment of the task assigned to the survey party

Answer 53

Assistant Chief of Party

Question 54

The person whose duty is to set up, level, and operate surveying instruments such as the transit, engineer’s level, theodolite, sextant, plane table, alidade and etc.

Answer 54

Instrumentman

Question 55

The person who is responsible for use and operation of all electronic instruments required in a field work operation.

Answer 55

Technician

Question 56

The person whose duty is to perform all computation of survey data and works out necessary computational checks required in a field work operation.

Answer 56

Computer

Question 57

The person whose duty is to keep a record of all sketches, drawings, measurements and observations taken or needed for a field work operation.

Answer 57

Recorder

Question 58

The person responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape.

Answer 58

Head Tapeman

Question 59

The person whose duty is to assist the head tapeman during taping operations and in other related work.

Answer 59

Rear Tapeman

Question 60

The person whose duty is to hold the flagpole at selected points as directed by the instrumentman.

Answer 60

Flagman

Question 61

The person whose primary duty is to hold the stadia or levelling rod when sights are to be taken on it.

Answer 61

Rodman

Question 62

The person whose duty is to check all linear measurements made by the tapeman

Answer 62

Pacer

Question 63

. The person whose duty is to clear the line of sight of trees, brush and other obstructions in wooded country. He is also responsible for the security and safety of the members of the survey party at the survey site

Answer 63

Axeman/lineman

Question 64

. The person whose duty is to render first aid treatment to members of the survey party who are involved in snake and insect bites, accidents and other cases involving their health, safety and well-being.

Answer 64

Aidman

Question 65

The person whose duties are to render other forms of assistance needed by the survey party or as directed by the chief of party.

Answer 65

Utilitymen

Question 66

the difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity. _______ are inherent in all measurements and result from sources which cannot be avoided.

Answer 66

Errors

Question 67

inaccuracies in measurements which occur because some aspect of a surveying operation is performed by the surveyor with carelessness, inattention, poor judgement and improper execution

Answer 67

Mistake

Question 67

This type of error is one which will always have the same sign and magnitude as long as field conditions remain constant and unchanged.

Answer 67

Systematic Errors

Question 68

These errors are purely accidental in character. The occurrence of such errors are matters of chance as they are likely to be positive or negative, and may tend in part to compensate or average out according to laws of probability.

Answer 68

Accidental Errors

Question 69

These errors are due to imperfections in the instruments used, either from faults in their construction or from improper adjustments between the different parts prior to their use

Answer 69

Instrumental errors.

Question 70

These errors are caused by variations in the phenomena of nature such as changes in magnetic declination, temperature, humidity wind refraction, gravity and curvature of the earth.

Answer 70

Natural Errors

Question 71

. These errors arise principally from limitations of the senses of sight, touch and hearing of the human observer which are likely to be erroneous or inaccurate.

Answer 71

Personal Errors

Question 72

indicates how close a given measurement is to the absolute or true value of the quantity measured.

Answer 72

Accuracy

Question 73

refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with which any physical measurement is made.

Answer 73

precision

Question 74

defined as the number of times something will probably occur over the range of possible occurrences

Answer 74

Probability

Question 75

refers to a quantity which, based on available data, has more chances of being correct than has any other.

Answer 75

Most Probable Value

Question 76

referred to as the deviation, is defined as the difference between any measured value of a quantity and its most probable value.

Answer 76

Residual

Question 77

is a quantity which, when added to and subtracted from the most probable value, defines a range within which there is a 50 percent chance that the true value of the measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the limits thus set.

Answer 77

Probable Error

Question 78

The total amount of error in a given measurement should relate to the magnitude of the measured quantity in order to indicate the accuracy of a measurement.

Answer 78

Relative (error) Precision.

Question 79

consists of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance

Answer 79

Pacing

Question 80

a simple device that can be attached to a wheel for purposes of roughly measuring surface distances

Answer 80

Odometer

Question 81

consists of a small wheel which is attached to a rod and handle, and can be pushed by an operator.

Answer 81

Measuring Wheel

Question 82

operates on the same principle as a rangefinder on a single-lens reflex camera.

Answer 82

Optical rangefinder

Question 83

to the measurement of images on a photograph.

Answer 83

Photogrammetry

Question 84

When distances are measured along the slope, the equivalent horizontal distance may correspondingly be determined by applying an approximate slope correction

Answer 84

Correction due to slope.