Intro

Question 1

White vs Grey matter

Answer 1

• Grey matter is where you receive the information (Nerve cell body and dendrites).
• White matter is the communication between grey matter and connects different part of the CNS. Made up of axons

Question 2

What is the outer layer of the brain and how is it structured?

Answer 2

Cerebral cortex
Divided into gyri and the folds between them (sulci)

Question 3

Parts of the cerebrum

Answer 3

Frontal, parietal and temporal lobe

Question 4

Parts of the hind brain

Answer 4

Pons,medulla and cerebellum

Question 5

Brain stem tracts

Answer 5

Connects brain to spinal cord via
- Sensory/ascending tracts
- Motor/descending tracts
- Connections to and from cerebellum

Question 6

Brain stem function

Answer 6

○ Cranial nerve nuclei: Collection of grey matter (neurons) that control basic functions of the head and neck
○ Intrinsic system: include the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and hypothalamus. These systems work together to control vital body functions (breathing, heart rate, and balance)
○ Reticular formation: Regulator of arousal and consciousness

Question 7

Cerebellum function

Answer 7

Fine tunes of cortical output, error detection and correction
Automation of processes

Question 8

Parts of the forebrain

Answer 8

Cerebral cortex (and its 2 hemispheres)
Deep nuclei
Diencephalon (Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus)

Question 9

Forebrain role

Answer 9

• Automation
• Practice
• Streamlining of sensory or motor information

Question 10

Cerebral cortex function

Answer 10

Primary areas
- Sensory: receive and process sensory information from the body
- Motor: responsible for controlling voluntary movements
Association areas for decision making, memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, emotions

Question 11

What covers the cerebral cortex?

Answer 11

Meninges

Question 12

What connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 12

Corpus collosum

Question 13

Deep nuclei of the forebrain

Answer 13

Thalamus
Basal ganglia
- refine movement and make it smooth
- Control of cortical output
- Cortex decides what movement to do and BG decides how (e.g. how much force)
Limbic system
- Processing of emotionality
- Determining what is important
- Remembering

Question 14

Diencephalon function

Answer 14

Thalamus: Controls what information reaches the cortex , consciousness
Hypothalamus: Controls homeostasis, Controls hormones and autonomic nervous system
Subthalamus: major part of the basal ganglia network, which oversees motors control

Question 15

Meningeal layers

Answer 15

Dura matter
- Periosteal/endosteal layer
- Meningeal layer
Arachnoid
Pia

Question 16

CSF circulation

Answer 16

1. CSF produced in all ventricles but mainly the lateral
2. CSF is contained in subarachnoid space
3. Then goes to 3rd and 4th ventricles via cerebral aqueduct
4. At 4th ventricle it can go down spinal chord or via foramen is circulated back up to dural/venous sinuses
   - Via Foramina of luschka and magendie CSF goes out
   - Enters sinus via granulation
   From venous sinus it enters blood to be circulated around body

Question 17

Epidural hematoma

Answer 17

After traumatic head injury with a skull fx, which ruptures the middle meningeal artery
- Pressure from the bleed separates. the dura from the bone
- Arterial blood from middle meningeal

Question 18

Lucid interval

Answer 18

Indicative of epidural heamtoma
period of time when individual seems fine despite severe injury

Question 19

Subdural hematom

Answer 19

occurs when violent shaking of the head severs the veins connecting the dural sinuses (shacking baby syndrome or during a fall in old people)
- Venous blood

Question 20

Subarachnoid hematoma

Answer 20

occurs in haemorrhagic stroke or bleeding of an arterial aneurysm
- Arterial or venous blood
Thunderclap headache: sudden severe headache caused by bleeding irritating the meningeal layers

Question 21

Epidural space content/function

Answer 21

Space between dura and skull
Contains middle meningeal artery
Brings oxygen to the brain

Question 22

Venous Sinus

Answer 22

When there is a separation between the periosteal and meningeal layer of dura, there is space for fluid

Question 23

Subdural space

Answer 23

Between the dura and arachnoid space: subdural space
- Sticks very tight to dura

Question 24

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 24

• Produce myelin
  MS is a disease with demyelinated axons

Question 25

astrocytes

Answer 25

- regulate blood flow - maintain blood brain barrier - provide nutrients - help brain repair Play key role in brain injuries and disease such as stroke and MS

Question 26

microglia

Answer 26

- act as immune system of CNS, patrolling threats and cleaning up debri Overacive microglia can cause chronic inflammation, linked to alzheimer’s

Question 27

Soma and nucleus function

Answer 27

- Soma: body which processes information and contains nucleus - Nucleus contains DNA and directs the production of proteins essential for neurons survival and function § controls growth and metabolism § produces neurotransmitters § regulates repair of damaged cell parts

Question 28

electrical vs chemical synapse

Answer 28

- Electrical synapse: direct ion flow between cells through gap. Fatser but less adaptable - Chemical synapse: more common in brain and uses es neurotransmitters to send signals across gap. Slower but more flexible

Question 29

Acetylcholine

Answer 29

§ facilitates contraction § used in rehab like myasthenisa gravis to improve neuromuscular transmission § Acetylcholineesterase: cleaner that breaks down Ach at NMJ to reset the junction

Question 30

Dopamine

Answer 30

§ regulates movement and mood § relevant in parkinson’s through exercises that improve motor control

Question 31

Serotonin

Answer 31

§ regulated mood and sleep § techniques like relaxation thereapy regulate these levels to improve mental health and pain perception

Question 32

Glutamate

Answer 32

§ main excitatory neurotransmitter in brain § overactivity —> toxicity, seen in stroke patients. PT can minimize damage

Question 33

GABA

Answer 33

§ main inhibitory neuron § exercises to focus on muscle relaxation techniques can enhance GABA effect to reduce muscle spasticity (or we can inhibit the inhibition —> excitation)

Question 34

Neurplasticity

Answer 34

ability for brain to adapt and form new connections - helps regain lost function - encourages recovery through repetitive exercise - allows brain to compensate for damaged areas

Question 35

resting membrane potential

Answer 35

electrical charge difference across the neurons membrane managed by Sa K pump -75

Question 36

Neurotransmision across axon

Answer 36

1. AP generate at node of fancier 2. Impluse quickly travels under myelin sheat to next node and becomes positively charged AP appears at next node where more ions exchange occurs

Question 37

Principles of action potential

Answer 37

All or nothing: once threshold is reached, AP will fire completely Threshold: minim stimulus required to trigger AP is around -55mV Refractory period - Absolute: No new AP can be initiated - Relative: stronger stimulus is required to initiate another AP

Question 38

Spatial vs temporal summation and their use in muscle rehab vs electrical stimulation

Answer 38

Spatial: multiple pre synaptic neurons firing at one Temporal: one neuron firing repeatedly in quick succession Muscle rehab: In spinal cord injury, reptietive stimulation of muscle (temporal summation) can help retain motor pathways and improve strength Electrical stimulation therapy: actives multiple fibres (spatial summation) and can help with muscle weakness

Question 39

Myelin sheath

Answer 39

fatty sheaths that insulates axon and speeds up signal transmission § In MS, immune system attacks merlin leading to slower impulses