Intro

Question 1

What is Microbial Biology?

Answer 1

The study of the biology of microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa.

Question 2

What are the two major categories of microbes?

Answer 2

• Cellular microbes
• Acellular microbes

Question 3

Define Cellular microbes.

Answer 3

Also called microorganisms, can be unicellular or multicellular, have a cellular structure, and can carry out life processes independently.

Question 4

Define Acellular microbes.

Answer 4

Also called infectious particles, cannot be seen in a light microscope, have no cellular structure, and require a host to replicate.

Question 5

What is Cellular Biology?

Answer 5

The study of cells, their structure, function, and behavior.

Question 6

What are Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 6

• Found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists
• Larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
• Multicellular type of organism
• Have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

Question 7

What are Prokaryotic cells?

Answer 7

• Found in bacteria and archaea
• Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
• Unicellular type of organism
• Lack a membrane-bound nucleus

Question 8

What is the definition of microorganisms?

Answer 8

A living organism that can be seen only through a microscope.

Question 9

State the environmental importance of microorganisms.

Answer 9

• Decomposers
• Nitrogen Fixation
• Photosynthesis
• Bioremediation

Question 10

What is the medical importance of microorganisms?

Answer 10

• Disease Prevention and Treatment
• Microbiome Role
• Pathogens

Question 11

List the agricultural importance of microorganisms.

Answer 11

• Pest Control
• Soil Fertility
• Livestock Health

Question 12

What is the industrial importance of microorganisms?

Answer 12

• Food Production
• Biotechnology
• Enzyme Production
• Biofuels

Question 13

What are the basic functions of cells?

Answer 13

• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism

Question 14

What is the significance of cells as building blocks of organisms?

Answer 14

• Composed of trillions of cells organized into tissues, organs, and systems
• Specialized cells perform unique functions

Question 15

What is metabolism in the context of microbiology?

Answer 15

The sum of chemical reactions in a cell, divided into catabolism and anabolism.

Question 16

What is catabolism?

Answer 16

Breaking down molecules for energy.

Question 17

What is anabolism?

Answer 17

Synthesizing molecules for cell growth.

Question 18

What is DNA replication?

Answer 18

Bacteria replicate their DNA before cell division.

Question 19

What is horizontal gene transfer (HGT)?

Answer 19

Microorganisms exchange genetic material via transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

Question 20

What is sterilization?

Answer 20

A technique that uses physical or chemical methods to eradicate or eliminate all kinds of microbial life.

Question 21

What is disinfection?

Answer 21

The process of destroying most microbiological forms in a nonliving material.

Question 22

What is antisepsis?

Answer 22

The application of chemical agents to living tissues to prevent the spread of microbes.

Question 23

Define microbiostatic agent.

Answer 23

Any drug or chemical that inhibits reproduction of organisms but not necessarily kills them.

Question 24

What is a bactericide?

Answer 24

A substance which kills bacteria or is capable of destroying spores, fungi, and viruses.

Question 25

What are the physical methods of sterilization?

Answer 25

* Heat * Radiation * Filtration

Question 26

What is moist heat sterilization?

Answer 26

A method where steam under pressure acts as a bactericidal agent.

Question 27

What is dry heat sterilization?

Answer 27

The process of removing microorganisms by applying moisture-free heat.

Question 28

What is the purpose of desiccation?

Answer 28

To deprive microorganisms of moisture, effective in food preservation.

Question 29

What are surface active agents?

Answer 29

Compounds that reduce surface tension between two liquids or interfaces.

Question 30

What are cationic agents?

Answer 30

Positive charge agents useful in anti-static products and often used in disinfectants.

Question 31

What are anionic agents?

Answer 31

Agents frequently used in soaps and detergents that create foam when mixed.

Question 32

What are phenolic compounds?

Answer 32

Compounds that disrupt cell membranes and cause precipitation of proteins.

Question 33

What are alcohols used for in microbial control?

Answer 33

Bactericidal agents that remove lipid from the skin surface.

Question 34

What are bacteriophages?

Answer 34

Viruses that primarily infect bacteria and can destroy their host cells.

Question 35

What is the role of probiotics?

Answer 35

Beneficial bacteria that compete with pathogens.

Question 36

What encompasses the structure, function, and classification of microbes?

Answer 36

Microbiology ## Footnote Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including their roles in various processes.

Question 37

What are unicellular prokaryotes that can be beneficial or pathogenic?

Answer 37

Bacteria ## Footnote Examples include Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Question 38

What is the genetic material enclosed in a protein coat that requires a living host to reproduce?

Answer 38

Virus ## Footnote Examples include Influenza virus and Coronavirus.

Question 39

What type of eukaryotic organisms include molds and yeasts?

Answer 39

Fungi ## Footnote Examples include Agaricus bisporus and Penicillium spp.

Question 40

What are organisms that live on or in a host, obtaining nutrients at the host's expense?

Answer 40

Parasites ## Footnote Parasites can cause various diseases in their hosts.

Question 41

What role do microorganisms play in digestion?

Answer 41

They aid in nutrient digestion and absorption ## Footnote Microorganisms contribute to breaking down complex foods.

Question 42

What stimulates the immune system to develop a response against future infections?

Answer 42

Vaccines ## Footnote Vaccines introduce weakened pathogens to the immune system.

Question 43

What are the two types of organisms based on how they obtain food?

Answer 43

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs ## Footnote Autotrophs produce their own food, while heterotrophs rely on external sources.

Question 44

What are the four phases of a microbial growth curve?

Answer 44

Lag phase, Exponential phase, Stationary phase, Decline phase ## Footnote Each phase represents a different stage of microbial population dynamics.

Question 45

What is the study of cells, focusing on their structure, function, and behavior?

Answer 45

Cellular biology ## Footnote Also known as cytology, it emphasizes the cell as the basic unit of life.

Question 46

What type of cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?

Answer 46

Prokaryotes ## Footnote Examples include bacteria and archaea.

Question 47

What contains the cell's genetic material?

Answer 47

Nucleus ## Footnote The nucleus is a key organelle in eukaryotic cells.

Question 48

What is the gel-like substance filling the cell that contains organelles?

Answer 48

Cytoplasm ## Footnote Cytoplasm is essential for cellular processes.

Question 49

What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

Answer 49

Mitochondria ## Footnote Mitochondria generate energy in the form of ATP.

Question 50

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 50

Rough ER and Smooth ER ## Footnote Rough ER synthesizes proteins, while Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.

Question 51

What is a nutrient-rich substance used to grow microorganisms in a lab setting?

Answer 51

Culture Media ## Footnote Culture media provide essential nutrients for microbial growth.

Question 52

What method is used to achieve a pure culture containing only one type of microorganism?

Answer 52

Streak plating or pour plating ## Footnote These techniques help isolate specific microorganisms.

Question 53

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 53

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis ## Footnote Each phase represents a step in cell division.

Question 54

Fill in the blank: The phase where the microbe is first introduced and adapts to the environment is called the _______.

Answer 54

Lag phase ## Footnote The lag phase is crucial for microbial adaptation.

Question 55

True or False: Eukaryotic microbes can reproduce only asexually.

Answer 55

False ## Footnote Eukaryotic microbes can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Question 56

What do lysosomes and peroxisomes do?

Answer 56

Involved in waste breakdown and detoxification ## Footnote They play critical roles in cellular maintenance.

Question 57

What is the final step of cell division where the cell physically splits into two daughter cells?

Answer 57

Cytokinesis ## Footnote Cytokinesis completes the process of cell division.