Intro Flashcards
(30 cards)
What are the common routes of drug administration
- Systemic
Enteral
Parenteral - Local
Topical
Eye drop
Nasal spray
Ointment
Aerosol
Transdermal patch
Genital tract
1.Enteral-
oral
Sublungual
Buccal
Rectal
- Parenteral
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intramuscular
Intravenous
Intra arterial
Intra articular
Intra cardiac
Intrathecal
Intraperitoneal
Inhalation
What is alkaloid. Give examples
Alkaloids are nitrogenous organic compounds derived from plant, white crystalline substance , bitter in taste , alkaline in reaction , insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents eg. Bile and alcohol
What is therapeutic index
It is the ratio of median lethal dose (ld50) or median toxic dose (td50) and median effective dose(Ed50)
Median lethal dose: dose tht produces lethal effect in 50% animal
Median effective dose
Dose tht produces effective response in 50% animal
Fatal dose
Amount of drug tht kills 100% animals
Drugs with high therapeutic index
Paracetamol
Penicillin
Atropine
Diazepam
Drugs with low therapeutic index
Cardiac glycosides
Anaesthetic agents
Aminoglycosides
Warfarin
Define drug
Any substance or product tht is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benigit of the recipient
What are the different sources of drug
- Natural:
Plant source: alkaloids, glycosides, oils, resins
Animal source: insulin, heparin
Mineral source: ferrous sulphate, mg sulphate
Microbial source: penicillin , streptomycin, erythromycin - Synthetic
Synthetic: aspirin , paracetamol
Semisynthetic: pethidine; tetracycline
Recombinant dna technology: human insulin
Plant source:
alkaloids
Glycosides
Oils
Gums and mucilage
Carbohydrates
Tannins
Define loading dose
It is the amount of drug that can be given at the onset of therapy with the aim of achieving an initial target concentration rapidly in plasma
Define maintainence dose
It is the amount of drug that is needed in order to maintain a steady state concentration in plasma within a given therapeutic range
Drugs given by loading dose
Digoxin
Warfarin
Heparin
Aspirin
Define medicine
It is a mixture of chemical substances containing drug as active ingredient and many other substances to deliver drug in a stable form, acceptable and convinient to the patient
Therapeutic index importance
- Reflects the safety margin of a drug
- Describes the relationship between doses of a drug required to produce desired and undesired effects.
- More the TI more safer is the drug and vice versa
- For safer application of a drug- TI must be >1
Different ways of naming a drug
- Full chemical name
Benzodiazepine - Non proprietary name(official or generic)
Diazepam - Proprietary name or trade name
Sedil
Define pharmacopioaea
It is a book which is published by authority of recognised body and approved by respective government which includes list of drugs with description and formula for preparation, identification, taste , purity and methods of standardization
Eg.
British pharmacopoeia
European pharmacopoeia
International pharmacopoeia
United States pharmacopoeia
British national formulary
Bangladesh national formulary
What is pharmacology
It is tht branch of medical science which deals with the study of drugs regarding their sources, identification, classification , physiochemical properties, routes of administration, pharmacokinetics , pharmacodynamics and adverse effects
Branches of pharma
Therapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Other branches
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacogenetics
Toxicology
Immunopharmacology
Posology
Pharmacoepidemiology
Pharmacoeconomics
Toxicology
Deals with study of poison , fatal dose, signs and symptoms and management of poisoning.
Uses of drugs
- To prevent disease
Vaccines
Oral contraceptives
Antimalarial drugs - To diagnose disease
Barium for pud
Histamine for pernicious anaemia - To cure the disease
Antibiotic for inf
anaestheics in surgery - To suppress the disease
Antihypertensive for htn
Insulin for DM
Salbutamol for asthma
Oral route
Adv
Most acceptable and common route
Inhalation route
Adv:
Rapid onset of action
Rapidly eliminated
No gastric irritation
Not destroyed by gastric juice or enzyme
By pass systemic toxicity
By pass first pass metabolism
Less systemic adverse effects
Disadv:
Special apparatus needed
Training needed
Drug must be non Irritant
Pt should be cooperative and conscious
Intravenous route
Adv:
1.Rapid onset of action
2.Route of emergency
3.100% bioavailability
4.Avoid first pass metabolism
5.Not destroyed by gastric juice
6.Direct blood concentration ensured.
1
7.Large volume , Irritant and Unpleasant drug can be given
8. Can be used t
In unconscious and uncooperative pt
9. Can be used in pts unable to swallow , vomitting and diarrheoa
Disadv
Strict aseptic measures
Self medication not possible
Short duration due to rapid excretion
Expensive
Special technique and skilled hand needed
Drug must be highly purified and sterile
Difficult tk administer in children and obese person
Hiv hepatitis may occur by contaminated needle