Intro Flashcards

(30 cards)

1
Q

What are the common routes of drug administration

A
  1. Systemic
    Enteral
    Parenteral
  2. Local
    Topical
    Eye drop
    Nasal spray
    Ointment
    Aerosol
    Transdermal patch
    Genital tract

1.Enteral-
oral
Sublungual
Buccal
Rectal

  1. Parenteral
    Subcutaneous
    Intradermal
    Intramuscular
    Intravenous
    Intra arterial
    Intra articular
    Intra cardiac
    Intrathecal
    Intraperitoneal
    Inhalation
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2
Q

What is alkaloid. Give examples

A

Alkaloids are nitrogenous organic compounds derived from plant, white crystalline substance , bitter in taste , alkaline in reaction , insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents eg. Bile and alcohol

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3
Q

What is therapeutic index

A

It is the ratio of median lethal dose (ld50) or median toxic dose (td50) and median effective dose(Ed50)

Median lethal dose: dose tht produces lethal effect in 50% animal

Median effective dose
Dose tht produces effective response in 50% animal

Fatal dose
Amount of drug tht kills 100% animals

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4
Q

Drugs with high therapeutic index

A

Paracetamol
Penicillin
Atropine
Diazepam

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5
Q

Drugs with low therapeutic index

A

Cardiac glycosides
Anaesthetic agents
Aminoglycosides
Warfarin

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6
Q

Define drug

A

Any substance or product tht is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benigit of the recipient

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7
Q

What are the different sources of drug

A
  1. Natural:
    Plant source: alkaloids, glycosides, oils, resins
    Animal source: insulin, heparin
    Mineral source: ferrous sulphate, mg sulphate
    Microbial source: penicillin , streptomycin, erythromycin
  2. Synthetic
    Synthetic: aspirin , paracetamol
    Semisynthetic: pethidine; tetracycline
    Recombinant dna technology: human insulin

Plant source:
alkaloids
Glycosides
Oils
Gums and mucilage
Carbohydrates
Tannins

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8
Q

Define loading dose

A

It is the amount of drug that can be given at the onset of therapy with the aim of achieving an initial target concentration rapidly in plasma

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9
Q

Define maintainence dose

A

It is the amount of drug that is needed in order to maintain a steady state concentration in plasma within a given therapeutic range

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10
Q

Drugs given by loading dose

A

Digoxin
Warfarin
Heparin
Aspirin

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11
Q

Define medicine

A

It is a mixture of chemical substances containing drug as active ingredient and many other substances to deliver drug in a stable form, acceptable and convinient to the patient

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12
Q

Therapeutic index importance

A
  1. Reflects the safety margin of a drug
  2. Describes the relationship between doses of a drug required to produce desired and undesired effects.
  3. More the TI more safer is the drug and vice versa
  4. For safer application of a drug- TI must be >1
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Different ways of naming a drug

A
  1. Full chemical name
    Benzodiazepine
  2. Non proprietary name(official or generic)
    Diazepam
  3. Proprietary name or trade name
    Sedil
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15
Q

Define pharmacopioaea

A

It is a book which is published by authority of recognised body and approved by respective government which includes list of drugs with description and formula for preparation, identification, taste , purity and methods of standardization

Eg.
British pharmacopoeia
European pharmacopoeia
International pharmacopoeia
United States pharmacopoeia
British national formulary
Bangladesh national formulary

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16
Q

What is pharmacology

A

It is tht branch of medical science which deals with the study of drugs regarding their sources, identification, classification , physiochemical properties, routes of administration, pharmacokinetics , pharmacodynamics and adverse effects

17
Q

Branches of pharma

A

Therapeutics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics

Other branches
Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacogenetics
Toxicology
Immunopharmacology
Posology
Pharmacoepidemiology
Pharmacoeconomics

18
Q

Toxicology

A

Deals with study of poison , fatal dose, signs and symptoms and management of poisoning.

19
Q

Uses of drugs

A
  1. To prevent disease
    Vaccines
    Oral contraceptives
    Antimalarial drugs
  2. To diagnose disease
    Barium for pud
    Histamine for pernicious anaemia
  3. To cure the disease
    Antibiotic for inf
    anaestheics in surgery
  4. To suppress the disease
    Antihypertensive for htn
    Insulin for DM
    Salbutamol for asthma
20
Q

Oral route

A

Adv
Most acceptable and common route

22
Q

Inhalation route

A

Adv:
Rapid onset of action
Rapidly eliminated
No gastric irritation
Not destroyed by gastric juice or enzyme
By pass systemic toxicity
By pass first pass metabolism
Less systemic adverse effects

Disadv:
Special apparatus needed
Training needed
Drug must be non Irritant
Pt should be cooperative and conscious

23
Q

Intravenous route

A

Adv:
1.Rapid onset of action
2.Route of emergency
3.100% bioavailability
4.Avoid first pass metabolism
5.Not destroyed by gastric juice
6.Direct blood concentration ensured.
1
7.Large volume , Irritant and Unpleasant drug can be given
8. Can be used t
In unconscious and uncooperative pt
9. Can be used in pts unable to swallow , vomitting and diarrheoa

Disadv
Strict aseptic measures
Self medication not possible
Short duration due to rapid excretion
Expensive
Special technique and skilled hand needed
Drug must be highly purified and sterile
Difficult tk administer in children and obese person
Hiv hepatitis may occur by contaminated needle

25
Sublingual route
Adv Rapid absorption Rapid onset of action Not destroyed by gastric juice By pass first pass metabolism Once desired effect is obtained rest of the drug can be discarded Disadv Larger volume cannot be taken Irritant drug cannot be given Needs pt cooperation and consciousness Less lipid soluble drug is not suitable Excessive salivation can promote swallowing so loosing advantage
26
27
Subcutaneous
Adv Slow and Sustained absorption Safe Simple Relatively painless Can act like a depot Disadv Slow onset of action Difficult to administer large volume of drug Infection, irritation and necrosis may occur at the site of injection Pain and tenderness Nerve damage may occur
28
Define pharmacokinetics
It is the branch of pharmacology tht deals with absorption distribution metabolism and excretion of drugs
29
Define pharmacodynamics
Branch of pharmacology tht deals with mechanism of action and pharmacological effects of drugs
30