intro

Question 1

what must remain constant regardless of changes to the environment

Answer 1

-body temp
-water potential of cells
-pH
-blood glucose levels

Question 2

what is hypertonic

Answer 2

surrounding solution has more solute

Question 3

whats hypotonic

Answer 3

surrounding solution has low solute content

Question 4

whats homeostasis

Answer 4

the maintenance of an organism internal environment within set limits

Question 5

what are the internal conditions regulated by

Answer 5

-endocrine and nervous system as well as behavioural patterns

Question 6

whats the reflex arc (cell signalling version)

Answer 6

stimulus-receptor-cell signalling-effector-response

Question 7

whats cell signalling

Answer 7

when one cell releases chemical which has an effect on another cell (target cell)

Question 8

what can cell signalling be (level)

Answer 8

1.local level (neurons and synapses)
2.across a long distance (using hormones like pituitary which secretes ADH)

Question 9

signalling in nervous vs endocrine

Answer 9

nervous- electrical as action potential
endocrine- chemical as hormones

Question 10

speed in nervous vs endocrine

Answer 10

nervous-milliseconds
endocrine- slow, travels in bloodstream

Question 11

duration of signal in nervous vs endocrine

Answer 11

nervous- short lasting
endocrine- long lasting

Question 12

changes in nervous vs endocrine

Answer 12

nervous- short term
endocrine- long lasting effect, good for adjusting basic level of various condition

Question 13

time taken for a nervous vs endocrine response

Answer 13

nervous- rapidly corrects dangerous changes
endocrine- more gradual, prevents over compensation too quickly

Question 14

example of endocrine

Answer 14

-adrenaline raises HR in preparation for FoF

Question 15

example of nervous

Answer 15

-modifying HR during excersise

Question 16

whats negative feedback

Answer 16

-counteracting changes in internal conditions to bring back to normal levels
-occurs through corrective mechanisms (like thermoregulation)

Question 17

what are the effectors in nervous vs endocrine

Answer 17

endocrine- target organs of hormones
nervous- muscles and glands

Question 18

what is positive feedback

Answer 18

-deviation from the normal conditions are amplified to increase deviation from the norm

Question 19

why is positive feedback rare in biology

Answer 19

because it tends to produce harmful, unstable conditions

Question 20

what are the two main responses to the environment

Answer 20

1. behavioural
2. physiological

Question 21

whats a behavioural response to environment

Answer 21

choice made by an organism to change its actions in response to a stimulus

Question 22

whats a physiological response to environment

Answer 22

change in bodily processes in organism in response to change in stimulus

Question 23

what is taxes

Answer 23

-directional movement

Question 24

what is positive/negative taxes

Answer 24

positive taxes- towards stimulus
negative taxes- away from stimulus

Question 25

examples of taxes

Answer 25

-phototaxis (response to light source) -chemotaxis (response to chemical stimulus) -gravitaxis (respond to gravity)

Question 26

what is kineses

Answer 26

-non directional movement -rather due to the presence and intensity of stimulus which determines response

Question 27

example of kineses

Answer 27

-orthokenesis (speed of movement changes w intensity of stimulus) -klinokinesis (rate of turning movement changing w intensity)