Intro Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
What parts of a fungal cell wall are important?
5 parts
(man, kite, b-garbagecan, ergs, mic.)
A
Mannan (polymere of manose)
B glucan & chitin
Ergosterol (like our cholesterol)
Mycolic
2
Q
Main differences between yeasts and molds?
A
Mold: multi cellular, thread like, hyphae, mycellium
Yeast: single cell, anaerobic, creamy like bread yeast,
3
Q
What is a germ tube?
A
Candida ablibicans makes this. Tube of yeast that looks like a hypha but is a yeast tube.
4
Q
What is a Pseudohypha?
A
A fake hypha made by yeast
Tiny balls that branch out
5
Q
What is a bud?
A
AKA blastoconidia
made by yeast
6
Q
What are the main species of candida?
Albus Dumbledore got thrush and balanitis and started to “glab” about his vaganitis.
A
C. albicans, C. glabarata
7
Q
Where species candida mainly found?
A
skin, mouth, upper resp. tract, bowel, vagina
8
Q
What is balanitis?
A
Fungus (candida) in the foreskin –> swelling of foreskin and head of penius
9
Q
What is thrush?
A
Candida (yeast) infection on the tongue
10
Q
What is vaginitis?
A
Candida (yeast) infection on the vagina
11
Q
What causes diaper rash?
A
Candida (yeast) infection
12
Q
What can cause intra-abdominal abscesses by yeast?
A
Candida (yeast) infection
13
Q
Where are common infections of candida (yeast)?
A
Thrush, vaginitis, balanitis, diaper rash, esophagitis, intra-abdominal abscesses, blood stream infection
14
Q
What makes a dimorphic fungi?
A
Mold at cool temps
Yeast at high temps
- geographically restricted
15
Q
What is an example of a dimorphic fungi?
Gold miner
A
Coccidiodes immitis/posadasii
- endemic for a certain area
16
Q
What is an opportunistic pathogenic fungi?
A
Takes advantage of a weak or compromised host
17
Q
What are the examples of opportunistic fungi?
- hold a “candle” so “rhino” doesnt kill you
A
Candida spp.
Rhizopus spp.
18
Q
What is the approximate slide of viruses?
A
20-300nM in Diameter – SMALL/TINY
19
Q
What are the main components of a virus?
A
Nucleic acid
Protein
*may have Lipid Envelope
20
Q
How do viruses replicate?
A
Obligate intracellular parasites
21
Q
Basic components of a virus?
A
Genome (RNA or DNA)
Capsid (icosahedral, helical)
Integument
* if enveloped: membrane + glycoproteins
22
Q
On an envelope what purpose do the glycoproteins have?
A
to bind to cellular receptors
23
Q
What are the oncogenic viruses?
Baseball game: Pitcher, catcher, T ball, fans, outfielders
A
Human papillomavirus (HPV): cervical ca EBV: lymphoma, nasopharyngeal ca KSHV: kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma, Hep. B/C viruses: hepatocellular ca HTLV-1: T cell lymphoma
24
Q
Tumor supressor genes targeted by viruses?
P’s, Retina, E’s
A
p53
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)
E6 takes out p53, E7 takes out retinoblastoma
25
Gram + cell wall components
| Think PPP
Peptidoglycan, Purple, Positive
Teichoic acid
One cell wall
26
Gram - cell wall components
LPS Layer (toll-like receptor binds here)
Outer membrane
Periplasmic space
Cytoplasmic membrane
27
Key unique features of bacteria?
Single, or circular, and may have plasmids
No organelles
No nucleus
Cell wall (G- or G+)
70s ribosomes (targeted in drugs) (eukaryote has 80s)
Metabolic pathways differ
Mode of replication (Binary fission)
28
What microbes are eukaryotic?
Molds and yeasts
29
What are important features of a mycobacterium?
Mycolic acid in its cell wall
| Acid fast: means when stained then we will see RED
30
What is an important mycobacterium to remember?
Mycobacterium Turberculosis
31
Tuberculosis causes what in the lungs?
Ghon complex: old calcified tissue from TB infection
| - may contain viable latent bacteria that can become reactivated
32
Where does primary vs secondary TB occur?
Primary: lower lobes of the lungs
Secondary: upper lobes of the lungs
33
MTB is spread how?
Via aerosoles
34
How do they test for MTB?
Delayed type hypersensitivity
| - If you have the infection then a response will be seen when given injection
35
What is caseous necrosis?
When cell death happens caused by progessive enzymatic degradation. A caseous material remains and then is calcified to make ghon complex
36
If you get MTB what is the chance that the mycobacterium becomes latent?
90-95% chance
37
Is latent MTB contagious?
No
38
What types of patients if once infected will see secondary MTB?
The immunocomprised
39
When looking in histoligical stain how will you recognize MTB?
It will be red --> ACID FAST
NOT BLUE --> other bacteria
40
What mycobacteria species are important to know?
A special "leprous" "fortune teller" lives in "kansas". He has a love for "aviation" but he uses for "tuber" potatoe for his airplane... he cant fly because his "tuber" potatoe aiplane has a rapidly growing "abscess".
* Mycobacterium tuberculosis
* Slower growers:
- M. avium-intracellular
- M. Kansasii
* Rapid growers:
- M. chelonae-abscessus
- M. fortuitum
* Special grower:
- M. Leprae
41
What is needed for +ssRNA to be made into mRNA?
Nothing
42
What is needed for -ssRNA to be made into mRNA?
Virion RdRp
43
What is needed for +/-ssRNA to be made into mRNA?
Virion RdRp
44
What is needed for dsRNA to be made into mRNA?
Virion RdRp
45
What is needed for retrovirus to be made into mRNA?
Reverse transcriptase --> DNA (Inserted in gemome) -->
| RNA polymerase of cell
46
What is needed for delta virus to be made into mRNA?
Cellular RNA polymerase
47
Define antigenic shift:
bigger change with whole segment movement between viruses. (2 viruses, one host)
Change not as abrupt.
48
Define antigenic drift:
slow change produced by point mutations.
49
What is segmented recombination?
It is 2 viruses in one host that exchange or recombine genetic information.
50
What is used to bind a virus to host cell membrane?
Haemagglutinin
51
How is a virus released from a cell?
Via budding with Receptors (specific) or attachment factors (not specific)
52
How does a virus typically enter a cell?
Via endocytosis
- then into endosome
- cues release it
53
How do enveloped viruses get released out of endosome?
Via cues such as pH, or proteases
54
How do non-enveloped viruses get release out endosome?
Via puncture, perforation, or lysis
55
How does a virus establish latency?
Existing as a plasmid and being intermittently transcribed. Also, it can be inserted in hosts DNA.
56
How does a latent virus get reactivated?
It is changed from a plasmid to linear genome
57
Where does VZV and HSV become latent?
chicken coop and dad
Epithelial cells and neurons
58
Where does CMV become latent?
Duck with big head eats white blood
Ductal epithelium and leukocytes
59
Where does EBV become latent?
Einstein and the pharaoh suck limes
Oropharyngeal epithelium and B lymphocytes
60
Where does KSHV become latent?
Kaposi throws lime foam and lives in End...
Endothelium and B lymphocytes
61
What is considered point mutation?
Insertion or deletion
62
What is bacterial transformation?
Horizontal gene transfer: where dead bacteria is eaten and the bacteria that does the eating acquires dead bacteria traits.
63
What is bacterial transduction?
Horizontal gene transfer: where a bacteria transducts genetic material through a virus
64
What is bacterial conjucation?
Horizontal gene transfer: where to bacteria have sex and transfer plasmids
65
What is vertical gene transfer?
From parent to offspring
66
What processes of genetic change are slow?
Point mutation, Gene duplication, Gene deletion, Chromosome rearrangement
RANDOM ERRORS ON CHROMOSOME
67
What processes of genetic change are fast?
Phase variation (Changing phases allows you to adapt and attack better, turning on or off a gene)
Antigenic variation (change surface antigens to avoid host response)
HGT
68
What types of HGT are there?
Intergenic recombination
- Transformation: Plasmids, exogenous DNA
- Congugation: plasmid, transposon
Transduction
- Phage: Generalized and Specialized
69
Staphylococcus characteristics?
```
G+
Sheep blood agar +
Chocolate agar +
Colistin Naladixic acid +
MacConkey Agar -
```
70
Pseudomonas characteristics?
```
G-
Sheep blood agar +
Chocolate agar +
Colistin Naladixic acid -
MacConkey Agar +
```
71
E. coli characteristics?
```
G-
Sheep blood agar +
Chocolate agar +
Colistin Naladixic acid -
MacConkey Agar +
```
72
Haemophilus characteristics?
```
G-
Sheep blood agar -
Chocolate agar +
Colistin Naladixic acid -
MacConkey Agar -
```
73
What does the MacConkey agar show?
Growth of gram neg.
74
What does the Colistin Naladixic Acid agar show?
Growth of gram pos.
75
What are the steps of staining?
1) Crystal violet
2) Iodine
3) Alcohol
4) Safranin
76
Whats the morphology and gram stain for staphylococcus?
G+
| Coccus
77
Whats the morphology and gram stain for streptococcus?
G+
| Coccus
78
Whats the morphology and gram stain for bacillus?
G+
| Bacillus
79
Whats the morphology and gram stain for corynebacterium (diptheroid)?
G+
| Bacillus
80
Whats the morphology and gram stain for neisseria?
G-
| Cocci or diplococci
81
Whats the morphology and gram stain for Pseudomonas?
G-
| Bacillus
82
Whats the morphology and gram stain for E. coli?
G-
| Bacillus
83
Whats the morphology and gram stain for Candida albicans?
Coccus/ (Purple)
| Yeast
84
Whats the morphology and gram stain for Haemophilus?
G-
| bacillus/coccus
85
What is a protozoa?
Motile unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can become parasitic
86
What are the 6 protozoa we need to remember?
("a can of amoebas" are put on a "leash in the van", the driver of the van is "toxic Ghandi" and his "glaring fowl" duck named "Bruce" and they are "cruzi'ing" down the road.)
```
Acanthamoeba sp (a can of amoeba's)
Leishman donovani (leash in the van)
Toxoplasma gondii (toxic Ghandi)
Naegleria fowleri (glaring fowl duck)
Trypanosoma brucei (duck named Bruce)
Trypanosoma cruzi (Cruzi'ing down the road)
```
87
What are the three types of inflammation to know, and in order of how much time it takes to develop?
Acute
Chronic
Granulomatous
88
What cells stimulate "acute" inflammation?
Neutrophils
vessels
mast cells
89
What cells stimulate "chronic" inflammation?
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Plasma cells.
90
What cells stimulate "granulomatous" inflammation?
Epithelioid histiocytes
Giant cells
Lymphocytes
91
What's the difference between "primary" and "secondary" lymphoid organs?
Primary: where the immune cells, b and t, are formed (bone marrow, thymus)
Seconary: where the immune response occurs (lymph nodes, spleen, peyers patches, appendix)
92
How long does the innate vs adaptive immune response take?
innate: quick
adaptive: slower
93
Is a Toll Like Receptor an "innate" or "adaptive" immune receptor?
Innate
94
How do the innate and adaptive immune responses function together?
Macrophages (innate) grab antigens and take it to the lymph for B and T cells to process and use cytokines to signal the rest of the body to get working on an immune response.
95
Difference between "innate" and "adaptive" immunity in terms of "specificity of receptors" and "clonality of receptors"
Innate: receptor not very specific.......they don't clone new ones.
Adaptive: Receptors are very specific......they clone the receptors that work for new microbes
96
What defective enzyme causes a "chronic granulomatous disease"?
a defective NADPH oxidase (won't allow the macrophages to create a superoxide burst)
97
What part of the genome causes "chronic granulomatous disease"?
GP 91
98
What part of the population is most likely to get "chronic granulomatous disease" and why?
Males because it's an X-linked trait.
99
What Toll like receptors are found intracellularly? and what are they receptors for?
TLR 3,7,8,9
| Viral nucleic acids
100
What Toll like receptors are found extracellularly? and what are they receptors for?
TLR 1,2,4,5,6
| Bacterial microbes
101
What is a PAMP?
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
102
What role does NF kbeta play?
It's involved in Cytokine production for immune cell activation
103
What's an antiviral cytokine to remember?
IFN a/b
104
What are the three inflammatory cytokines activated by NF kb?
TNF
IL-1
IL-12
105
How do HLA (or MHC class 1) interact with NK cells?
They inhibit the NK cell from killing them
106
How does a MIC ligand affect a NK cell?
It activates it to kill it.
107
What are the three components in the JAK STAT pathway?
membrane receptor
JAK (janus kinase)
STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription)
108
What's the purpose of the JAK STAT pathway?
to help up-regulate certain immune responses, helps produce cytokines
109
What are the 5 cytokines to remember?
(There's a Natural Killer on Isle 12 (IL-12) with fiery dynamite that causes lots of bleeding (TNF-a). He's looking for his ex-girlfriend (CXCL-8) who broke up with him after recruiting 8 new boyfriends. His ex-gf is hiding on isle-6 with a feverish liver. She moves to isle-1b to get better access to effector cells and blood.
IL-6 (fever, induces acute phase proteins by liver)
TNF-a (vascular permeability, Fever)
IL-1b (activates vascular endothelium, activates lymphocytes, local tissue destruction, Fever)
CXCL-8 (chemotactic factor, recruits neutrophils)
IL-12 (activates NK cells)
110
What does properdin do? complement pathway?
On alternative pathway: it stabilizes C3BbB so it can "amplify" and create more C3b
111
What's the purpose of Factor H and Factor I? complement pathway
It inhibits the C3b pathway so you don't run out of C3b.
112
What is the convertase for C5?
2 of the C3b's
113
What happens if you have a C8 deficiency in the MAC?
recurrent Neisseria (encapsulated) infection
114
What creates the MAC complex?
C6,7,8,9
115
How is the MBL or Classical pathway C3 convertase structured?
C4bC2b
116
What's the MBL pathway?
IL-6 is produced by macrophages, goes to the liver, liver produces MBL, fibrinogen, and Acute phase proteins, The MBL binds to a microbe and attaches MASP which cleaves C4, C4b then attaches to the microbe, C2 is then cleaved and attaches to C4
117
How does the classical pathway activate?
bound antibody. (multiple needed, IgM is the best)
118
What are the 2 types of c5 convertase?
Alternative: C3b(2)Bb
| MBL/Classical: C4bC2bC3b
119
What's an anaphylatoxin?
C3a
| C5a
120
What does CR1 do (complement receptor)?
Macrophages attach and eat it
| RBC's also have it to take microbes to the liver
121
Why is CR2 (complement receptor) important?
It helps activate B cells
122
What does CR 3,4 do?
Stimulates phagocytosis
123
What does the Kupffer cell (liver) receive from RBC?
the bacterium attached to CR1
124
When C1 inhibitor doesn't work how expensive is the treatment for keeping swelling down?
$350,000 per year!!!!!
125
What role does DAF play on host cells with Complement pathway?
It decays the convertase so it doesn't destroy the host cell.
126
How does CD59 and S protein work with the MAC?
CD59: inhibits the C9 pore
| S protein: inhibits c5,6,7 insertion stuff
127
If you don't have CD59 what happens?
Random lysis of RBC's.
128
What are the key points for Rhizopus?
rare, High glucose, acidic, Ketoacidosis.
129
What are the 3 oxidative burst enzymes?
NADPH oxidase
Superoxidase dismutase
Catalase
130
What disease is caused by not having effective oxidative burst enzymes?
Chronic Granulomatous disease
131
What is important about the TLR 4?
it recognizes LPS gram negative bacteria
132
What cassettes are in the heavy chain sequence?
1. D-j
| 2. V-D-J
133
What cassettes are in the light chain sequence?
V-J
134
What is RAG involved in?
recombination of immunoglobulins, for antibody production
135
What's the ABT parts of a toxin?
B: binds to the cell and gets pulled in (endosome)
T: makes a drill and breaks out of the endosome
A: is the activator part that messes with the host cell.
