INTRO: 4 TOPICS PRELIMS Flashcards by Julia Kristine Cocal

beneficial aspects of bacteriology

Normal microbiota
Decomposers
Industrial
Producers of Oxygen
Food Chain

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found inside our body

Normal microbiota

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Producers of Oxygen

algae & cyanobacteria

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Microorganisms such as bacteria that are capable of
causing diseases

Pathogenic organisms

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Harmless microorganisms that can become pathogenic once the host’s resistance is impaired

Opportunistic pathogens

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Observed a thin slice of cork through a crude microscope
Introduced the word cell and “Cell theory”

Robert Hooke

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Developed the Binomial nomenclature

Carlus Linnaeus

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First to observe live microorganism
o Described the three basic shapes and descriptions of Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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The alternative hypothesis that the living organisms
arise from preexisting life

Biogenesis

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naming of microorganism according to established rules and guidelines

Nomenclature

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Living things comes from non living organisms

Abiogenesis

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Created a recipe for mice that he believed that would
create life from non living matter

Jan Baptiste van Helmont

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1st real experiment to dispute abiogenesis
Showed that flies and maggots did not arise from decaying meat as others believe, if the meat is
covered to prevent the entry of flies

Francesco Redi

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Showed that fluids heated in sealed flask did not
contain microtubes

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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Ultra-high pasteurization

100 degree Celsius

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chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganism

Fermentation

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process of heatingand object like milk being heated and harmful organisms are killed without ruining the quality of the product

Pasteurization

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One of the key steps that established the relationship
between microorganisms and disease occurred when a group of French merchants asked Pasteur to find out why wine and beer soured.

Louis Pasteur

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Classic Pasteurization

60-62 degree Celsius for 5min or 5 seconds

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Accepted the germ theory of disease and stressed a
need for prevention rather than cure, and continued
to advocate good hygiene and sanitation practices
Advocated for the use of antiseptic before performing
surgeries

Florence Nightingale

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Provided experimental steps (Koch’s Postulates) used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

Robert Koch

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inoculated a person with cowpox virus resulting to protection from smallpox.

Edward Jenner

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Developed salvarsan (arsenic derivative effective
against syphilis)

Paul Ehrlich

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Discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic

Alexander Fleming

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Proposed the use of immunology to identify bacteria according to serotypes

Rebecca Lancefield

Introduced Recombinant DNA which are made from two (2) different sources

Paul Berg

Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage & detoxify pollutants

Biomedication

Microbes that are pathogenic to insects but not to humans or animals

Biological Insecticide

Commercial use of microorganisms to produce some common foods and chemicals

Modern Biotechnology

In replacing a defective gene in human cells, this one uses a harmless virus to carry the missing gene or new gene into host cells and then the gene is picked up into the chromosomes.

Gene therapy

May use bacteria or fungi to produce a variety of proteins such as vaccines and enzymes.

Genetic engineering

bacteria that are variable in shape

Pleomorphic

shapes of bacteria

spherical rod-shaped spiral

2 types of spiral shapes

spirilla spirochetes

no nuclear membrane or nucleoli

prokaryotes

true nucleus, consisting of nuclear membrane and nucleoli

eukaryotes

* Aka Periplasmic filaments * Enclosed between cell wall & cell membrane of spirochetes

Internal Flagella (Axial Filaments)

For adhesion to other cells and surfaces

Fimbriae

External to the cell wall

Glycocalyx

Appendages for mating

Pili

○Highly organized ○Tightly attached

Capsule

Maintain the shape of the cell, protect the cell, and serves as a point of anchorage of the flagella

Peptidoglycan

Groups Based on Cell Wall Composition

* Gram-Positive Cells * Gram-Negative Cells * Atypical Cell walls

○Loosely organized and attached

Slime Layer

A thick, homogenous sheath of peptidoglycan, 20-80 nm thick

Gram-positive Cell Wall

- Linked to the peptidoglycan layer - Made up of alcohol and phosphate

Teichoic acid

Spans the peptidoglycan layer and linked to the plasma membrane

Lipoteichoic acid

Endotoxin that may become toxic when released during infections

lipopolysaccharide

An outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide

Gram-negative Cell Wall

Self-replicating, small circles of DNA

Plasmids

Without cell walls or very little wall material

Atypical Cell Walls

bacterias that has atypical cel walls

mycobacterium nocardia mycoplasma

Serves as the site for electron transport system and serves as “protein synthesis” site for respiration

Cell Membrane

Single, circular DNA molecule

Chromosome

Intracellular storage bodies

Inclusions & Granules

Specialized, resting, dormant cells

Endospores

bacterias that have endospores

Clostridium & Bacillus

Formation of endospores

Sporulation

Return to vegetative growth

Germination

Basis : frequency of traits-sharing

Numerical Taxonomy

“Basic unit” of taxonomy * Represents a specific, recognized type of organism

Species

Basis: genetic similarity & evolutionary relatedness

Phylogenetic Classification

Basis: Overall similarities

Phenotypic Classification

A group or “level” of classification

Taxonomy

A population of microbes descended from a single individual or pure culture

STRAIN

Major Nutritional Needs for Bacterial Growth

Carbon Source Nitrogen Source Energy Source

Derive energy by photophosphorylation

Phototrophs

Required for synthesis of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA

Purines & Pyrimidines

Derive energy by oxidative phosphorylation

Chemotrophs

Required for synthesis of proteins

Amino Acids

Needed as coenzyme and functional groups of certain enzymes

Vitamins

tend to require a variety of growth factors

Fastidious organisms

Signs of growth appears at the surface level of broth medium

Obligate aerobes

Homogenous turbidity in the medium

Facultative anaerobes

Signs of precipitation or turbidity at the bottom of the medium

Obligate anaerobes

Growth is seen in the sub-surface level of the broth

Microaerophiles

Homogenous growth inside the medium

Aerotolerant anaerobes

cold loving bacterias

psychrophiles

RT bacterias

mesophilic

bacterias that can endure very cold or freezing temerature

psychroduric

heat loving bacterias

thermophiles

bacterias that loves very dry environment

xerophiles

salt-loving bacterias

halophiles

Most indispensable requirement; only common solute in nature that occurs over a wide range of concentration range

Water

Only common solute that occurs over a wide concentration range within the bacterial environment

Salt

ph of most bacteria

pH 6.5-7.5

ph of molds & yeast

pH 5-6

The Four Phases of Bacterial Growth

Lag Phase Log Phase Stationary/Plateau Phase Death Phase

The time it takes for an organism to double its number

Generation Time

orderly increase in quantity of cellular constituents

Bacterial Growth Curve

Adjustment period

Lag Phase

Cellular reproduction stage

Log Phase

Pop density high Microbes dividing = microbes dying

Stationary/Plateau Phase

Dead/dying microbes > new cells Decline continues until there is complete cessation of reproduction

Death Phase

* Single, long piece of circular, double-stranded DNA * Contain 2000 to 4000 genes.

Chromosome

* Small DNA circles * Replicate independently

Plasmids

* Mother cell to offspring * Binary Fusion

Vertical Gene Transfer

* Conjugation * Transformation * Transduction

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A recombinase functioning in recombinational DNA repair in bacteria

ReCa Protein

Bacterial Mating

Conjugation

process of Gene transfer may occur between two different species

Transformation

Transfer of DNA Fragments from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage

Transduction

T-phages * Replicate through the Lytic cycle

Lytic or Virulent Phage

* Phage lambda * Undergoes replication through the lysogenic cycle

Temperate Phage

When the lytic phages replicate, the capsid sometimes assembles around a small fragment of the bacterial DNA that’s not viral by nature

Generalized Transduction

Initiated by the temperate phage which undergoes the Lysogenic cycle as it replicates

Specialized Transduction

Any change in the DNA base sequence

Mutation

* May cause plasmids to integrate into the chromosome * Responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes

Mobile Genetic Elements

INTRO: 4 TOPICS PRELIMS Flashcards

(108 cards)