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Microbio Gram Neg > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q 
General characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae
Normal microbiota of where?
Oxygen requirements?
Nutritional requirements?
Glucose fermentation?
Oxidase postive / negative?
A 
Normal microbiota of GI and vagina
Facultative anaerobes
Simple nutritional requirements
Ferment glucose
Oxidase negative
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2
Q

K antigen

A

Capsule. Some bacteria.

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3
Q

H antigen

A

Flagellum. Some bacteria

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4
Q

O antigen

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). All Gram Neg.

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5
Q

Which enterobacteriaceae cause sepsis? (4)

A

E coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Proteus

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6
Q

Which enterobacteriaceae cause pneumonia? (2 main ones, 2 minor ones)

A

Klebsiella and Serratia (mainly).

Also Enterobacter and E coli.

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7
Q

Hallmark of Klebsiella

What type of pneumonia?

A

“Currant jelly” sputum. Mucoid

Lobar pneumonia. Abscess / necrosis is common.

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8
Q

Which enterobacteriaceae causes meningitis (1)?

A

E coli

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9
Q

Which enterobacteriaceae cause UTI’s? (3)

A

E coli, Proteus, and Providencia

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10
Q

Which enterobacteriaceae cause gastroenteritis? (4)

A

Salmonella, Shigella, E coli, and Yersinia

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11
Q

Which enterobacteriaceae causes intraabdominal infections? (1)

A

E coli

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12
Q

E coli general characteristics
Gram stain / morphology
Oxygen requirement
Normal location

A

GNR
Facultative anaerobe
Lives in GI tract and aqueous environments

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13
Q

EHEC
Specific strain
Name Disease

A

Enterohemorrhagic E coli
O157:H7
4th leading bacterial enteropathogen

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14
Q

EPEC
Name
Disease

A

Enteropathogenic E coli

Childhood diarrhea abroad

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15
Q

UPEC
Disease
Virulence factors (3)

A 
Uropathogenic E coli
Leading cause of UTI
P pili adhere to uroepithelial cells.  
Siderophore is iron acquisition mechanism.
Endotoxin
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16
Q 
NMEC
Other name
Virulence factor characteristics
Normal microbiota location
What is #1 cause of bacterial neonatal meningitis?
A

Neonatal Meningitis E coli
K1-encapsulated E coli.
Capsule made of sialic acid, which is found in many host tissues so body doesn’t make Abs and makes phagocytosis difficult. Mother doesn’t pass Abs to infant.
Normal microbiota in gut and vagina
Group B Strep is #1 cause of bacterial neonatal meningitis. NMEC is #2.

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17
Q

K12 E coli use

A

Lab tool used as a vehicle for propagating cloned DNA in plasmids.

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18
Q 
Main diseases caused by these Gram Neg Non-Enterobacteriaceae:
•Bordetella pertussis 
•Campylobacter 
•Haemophilus
•Helicobacter 
•Moraxella 
•Neisseria
•	N. gonorrhoeae:
•	N. meningitidis: 
•Pseudomonas 
•Vibrio
A
  • Bordetella pertussis - tracheobronchitis, whooping cough
  • Campylobacter - gastroenteritis
  • Haemophilus - upper respiratory infection (URI), otitis media (OM), meningitis, sepsis
  • Helicobacter - gastritis, ulcers, gastric cancer
  • Moraxella - upper respiratory infection (URI), otitis media (OM)
  • Neisseria
  • N. gonorrhoeae: genital tract infection, sexually transmitted infection (STI)
  • N. meningitidis: nasopharyngeal colonization, meningitis, sepsis
  • Pseudomonas - opportunistic lung, skin, eye, burn/wound, blood infections
  • Vibrio - gastroenteritis, skin lesions
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19
Q

What are adhesins usually made of? Where are they found?

A

Carbohydrates. Found at end of pili / fimbriae.

20
Q

How does cranberry juice work for UTI prophylaxis?

A

Sugars block adhesin receptors.

21
Q

Type I pili
What do they attach to?
Which bacteria have them?

A

Attach to mannose molecules

Found in all E coli

22
Q 
P / PAP pili
Stands for?
Function
Which bacteria?  
Which diseases?
A

Pyelonephritis-associated Pilus
Allow E coli to attach to host galactosyl-galactopyranoside (Gal-Gal) molecules. Occur more often in pyelonephritis (kidney) than cystitis (bladder).

23
Q

Where are P blood group antigens found?

A

Renal pelvis cells

24
Q

Where are P1 blood group antigens found?

A

Upper urinary tract infections

25
Q

Which bacteria that cause meningitis have capsules? (4)

A

K1 E coli, H flu type b, N meningitides, Strep pneumoniae

26
Q

Siderophores

A

Iron-chelating compounds secreted by E coli and others that compete for host iron.

27
Q

Which type of toxin is a secretory toxin? (Causes secretions)

A

Cholera toxin –> diarrhea

28
Q 
What do cytotoxins do?
What are the specific toxins released by these bacteria?
•Shigella
•EHEC
•ETEC 
•H pylori
•Pseudomonas
A
  • Cytotoxins – Damage / destroy host cells
  • Shigella – Shiga toxin
  • EHEC – Shiga-like toxin or verotoxin
  • ETEC – Heat liable enterotoxin
  • H pylori – vacuolating toxin
  • Pseudomonas – exotoxin A
29
Q

Which bacteria make IgA protease?

A

H flu and Neisseriae

30
Q

Acid resistance / required innoculum for Shigella and EHEC

A

Highly acid resistant. Small inoculum needed.

31
Q

Acid resistance / required innoculum for Vibrio cholerae

A

Acid sensitive. Large inoculum needed.

32
Q

Which bacterium has intermediate acid-sensitivity?

A

Salmonella

33
Q

Which organisms cause hematology / descending UTI’s?

A

Staph aureus and Candida

34
Q

What is most common site for infection in long-term care residents and bacteremia in elderly?

A

UTI’s

35
Q

Urethritis

Which bugs?

A

Colonization of the urethra. Often caused by different bugs than those that cause UTI’s

36
Q

Bacteriuria

A

Inoculation of the bladder. NOT the same things as a UTI

37
Q

UTI

A

Attachment to uroepithelium of bladder (cystitis)

38
Q

What is #1 cause of UTI’s?

What is #2 cause of UTI’s?

A 
#1 = E coli (both community acquired and nosocomial)
#2 = Staph saprophyticus
39
Q 
Proteus spp causing UTI's
Location of normal microbiota
Proteus mirabilis disease
Other proteus spp disease
Special enzyme and function
A

Normal intestinal microbiota
Proteus mirabilis UTI is community acquired
Other Proteus spp UTI’s occur in hospitals, nursing homes, and immunocompromised.
Urease breaks down urea → ammonia → increase in urine pH → stone formation → further susceptibility to infection. Increased pH also helps Proteus survive.

40
Q

Providentia causes what types of UTI’s?

A

Nosocomial and catheter UTI’s

41
Q

Normal vaginal colonizers

A

Staph saprophyticus (Coag-Neg), enterococcus, and Candida albicans

42
Q

What usually causes coag-neg staph?

A

Implanted medical devices

43
Q

4 oral AB’s that cover for MRSA

A

Clindamycin, linezolid, doxycyclin, TMP-sulfa

44
Q

5 clues that suggest life-threatening SSTI’s

A
  • Pain out of proportion to visible presentation
  • Systemic toxicity – anion gap, creatinine, CK, shock, organ failure
  • Rapid progression
  • Necrosis, gangrene, bullae, cutaneous hemorrhage, crepitus (gas-forming)
  • Anesthesia – due to nerve destruction
45
Q

AB’s for CAP

A

Ceftriaxone / doxycyclin + macrolide or FQ

Microbio Gram Neg (10 decks)

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