Intro

Question 1

General characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae
Normal microbiota of where?
Oxygen requirements?
Nutritional requirements?
Glucose fermentation?
Oxidase postive / negative?

Answer 1

Normal microbiota of GI and vagina
Facultative anaerobes
Simple nutritional requirements
Ferment glucose
Oxidase negative

Question 2

K antigen

Answer 2

Capsule. Some bacteria.

Question 3

H antigen

Answer 3

Flagellum. Some bacteria

Question 4

O antigen

Answer 4

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). All Gram Neg.

Question 5

Which enterobacteriaceae cause sepsis? (4)

Answer 5

E coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Proteus

Question 6

Which enterobacteriaceae cause pneumonia? (2 main ones, 2 minor ones)

Answer 6

Klebsiella and Serratia (mainly).

Also Enterobacter and E coli.

Question 7

Hallmark of Klebsiella

What type of pneumonia?

Answer 7

“Currant jelly” sputum. Mucoid

Lobar pneumonia. Abscess / necrosis is common.

Question 8

Which enterobacteriaceae causes meningitis (1)?

Answer 8

E coli

Question 9

Which enterobacteriaceae cause UTI’s? (3)

Answer 9

E coli, Proteus, and Providencia

Question 10

Which enterobacteriaceae cause gastroenteritis? (4)

Answer 10

Salmonella, Shigella, E coli, and Yersinia

Question 11

Which enterobacteriaceae causes intraabdominal infections? (1)

Answer 11

E coli

Question 12

E coli general characteristics
Gram stain / morphology
Oxygen requirement
Normal location

Answer 12

GNR
Facultative anaerobe
Lives in GI tract and aqueous environments

Question 13

EHEC
Specific strain
Name Disease

Answer 13

Enterohemorrhagic E coli
O157:H7
4th leading bacterial enteropathogen

Question 14

EPEC
Name
Disease

Answer 14

Enteropathogenic E coli

Childhood diarrhea abroad

Question 15

UPEC
Disease
Virulence factors (3)

Answer 15

Uropathogenic E coli
Leading cause of UTI
P pili adhere to uroepithelial cells.  
Siderophore is iron acquisition mechanism.
Endotoxin

Question 16

NMEC
Other name
Virulence factor characteristics
Normal microbiota location
What is #1 cause of bacterial neonatal meningitis?

Answer 16

Neonatal Meningitis E coli
K1-encapsulated E coli.
Capsule made of sialic acid, which is found in many host tissues so body doesn’t make Abs and makes phagocytosis difficult. Mother doesn’t pass Abs to infant.
Normal microbiota in gut and vagina
Group B Strep is #1 cause of bacterial neonatal meningitis. NMEC is #2.

Question 17

K12 E coli use

Answer 17

Lab tool used as a vehicle for propagating cloned DNA in plasmids.

Question 18

Main diseases caused by these Gram Neg Non-Enterobacteriaceae:
•Bordetella pertussis 
•Campylobacter 
•Haemophilus
•Helicobacter 
•Moraxella 
•Neisseria
•	N. gonorrhoeae:
•	N. meningitidis: 
•Pseudomonas 
•Vibrio

Answer 18

• Bordetella pertussis - tracheobronchitis, whooping cough
• Campylobacter - gastroenteritis
• Haemophilus - upper respiratory infection (URI), otitis media (OM), meningitis, sepsis
• Helicobacter - gastritis, ulcers, gastric cancer
• Moraxella - upper respiratory infection (URI), otitis media (OM)
• Neisseria
• N. gonorrhoeae: genital tract infection, sexually transmitted infection (STI)
• N. meningitidis: nasopharyngeal colonization, meningitis, sepsis
• Pseudomonas - opportunistic lung, skin, eye, burn/wound, blood infections
• Vibrio - gastroenteritis, skin lesions

Question 19

What are adhesins usually made of? Where are they found?

Answer 19

Carbohydrates. Found at end of pili / fimbriae.

Question 20

How does cranberry juice work for UTI prophylaxis?

Answer 20

Sugars block adhesin receptors.

Question 21

Type I pili
What do they attach to?
Which bacteria have them?

Answer 21

Attach to mannose molecules

Found in all E coli

Question 22

P / PAP pili
Stands for?
Function
Which bacteria?  
Which diseases?

Answer 22

Pyelonephritis-associated Pilus
Allow E coli to attach to host galactosyl-galactopyranoside (Gal-Gal) molecules. Occur more often in pyelonephritis (kidney) than cystitis (bladder).

Question 23

Where are P blood group antigens found?

Answer 23

Renal pelvis cells

Question 24

Where are P1 blood group antigens found?

Answer 24

Upper urinary tract infections

Question 25

Which bacteria that cause meningitis have capsules? (4)

Answer 25

K1 E coli, H flu type b, N meningitides, Strep pneumoniae

Question 26

Siderophores

Answer 26

Iron-chelating compounds secreted by E coli and others that compete for host iron.

Question 27

Which type of toxin is a secretory toxin? (Causes secretions)

Answer 27

Cholera toxin --> diarrhea

Question 28

``` What do cytotoxins do? What are the specific toxins released by these bacteria? •Shigella •EHEC •ETEC •H pylori •Pseudomonas ```

Answer 28

* Cytotoxins – Damage / destroy host cells * Shigella – Shiga toxin * EHEC – Shiga-like toxin or verotoxin * ETEC – Heat liable enterotoxin * H pylori – vacuolating toxin * Pseudomonas – exotoxin A

Question 29

Which bacteria make IgA protease?

Answer 29

H flu and Neisseriae

Question 30

Acid resistance / required innoculum for Shigella and EHEC

Answer 30

Highly acid resistant. Small inoculum needed.

Question 31

Acid resistance / required innoculum for Vibrio cholerae

Answer 31

Acid sensitive. Large inoculum needed.

Question 32

Which bacterium has intermediate acid-sensitivity?

Answer 32

Salmonella

Question 33

Which organisms cause hematology / descending UTI's?

Answer 33

Staph aureus and Candida

Question 34

What is most common site for infection in long-term care residents and bacteremia in elderly?

Answer 34

UTI's

Question 35

Urethritis | Which bugs?

Answer 35

Colonization of the urethra. Often caused by different bugs than those that cause UTI's

Question 36

Bacteriuria

Answer 36

Inoculation of the bladder. NOT the same things as a UTI

Question 37

UTI

Answer 37

Attachment to uroepithelium of bladder (cystitis)

Question 38

What is #1 cause of UTI's? | What is #2 cause of UTI's?

Answer 38

``` #1 = E coli (both community acquired and nosocomial) #2 = Staph saprophyticus ```

Question 39

``` Proteus spp causing UTI's Location of normal microbiota Proteus mirabilis disease Other proteus spp disease Special enzyme and function ```

Answer 39

Normal intestinal microbiota Proteus mirabilis UTI is community acquired Other Proteus spp UTI's occur in hospitals, nursing homes, and immunocompromised. Urease breaks down urea → ammonia → increase in urine pH → stone formation → further susceptibility to infection. Increased pH also helps Proteus survive.

Question 40

Providentia causes what types of UTI's?

Answer 40

Nosocomial and catheter UTI's

Question 41

Normal vaginal colonizers

Answer 41

Staph saprophyticus (Coag-Neg), enterococcus, and Candida albicans

Question 42

What usually causes coag-neg staph?

Answer 42

Implanted medical devices

Question 43

4 oral AB's that cover for MRSA

Answer 43

Clindamycin, linezolid, doxycyclin, TMP-sulfa

Question 44

5 clues that suggest life-threatening SSTI's

Answer 44

* Pain out of proportion to visible presentation * Systemic toxicity – anion gap, creatinine, CK, shock, organ failure * Rapid progression * Necrosis, gangrene, bullae, cutaneous hemorrhage, crepitus (gas-forming) * Anesthesia – due to nerve destruction

Question 45

AB's for CAP

Answer 45

Ceftriaxone / doxycyclin + macrolide or FQ