Intro

Question 1

Hormone

Answer 1

Prod by specialised glands and released into the systemic circ to be distributed throughout the body (sometimes released into tissue fluids and even the brain)
Internal secretions affecting other cells or tissues

Question 2

Hormone fxs

Answer 2

Carry info - control signals

Question 3

Endo v NS

Answer 3

Endo - slower, loger lasting, diffuse, invol, graded, chem messengers

NS - fast, specific, vol&invol, all or none, elec and chem messengers

Question 4

Paracrine

Answer 4

Release into ec space
Localised restricted action
Eg PG, testost (also endoc fx)
Aka local/tissue hs

Question 5

Autocrine

Answer 5

Into ec space
Act of secr cell
Eg oxytocin, neurones in hypot autoreg by oxytocin recs

Question 6

Endocrine

Answer 6

Into circ

Eg hs from pit, testosterone (also paracr fx)

Question 7

Neuroendocr

Answer 7

Neurosecr cells release
Longer effect than NT
Eg NPY

Question 8

Neurocrine

Answer 8

NT into synaptic space
Chem messenger
Act over short distance

Question 9

Phytohs

Answer 9

Higher plant h

Used in drug manufacture

Question 10

True hs

Answer 10

Chem messenger synthed in ductless endo glands and secr into circ
Act on spec target cell recs and exert spec reg actions in target cells

Question 11

Neurohs

Answer 11

Prod and released from neurosecr cell (modified n cell)

Eg Vp or oxytocin or any hypot releasing hs

Question 12

NTs

Answer 12

Synthed by n cells
Released by presyn n cells into synapse and stim rec on post syn n cells
Eg Ach, adr, dopamine

Question 13

Pheromones

Answer 13

Volatile chem messengers synthed in exocrine (duct) glands and secr into enviro
Small volatile and easily dispersed active in tiny amount
Act on olfactory and taste recs to change behaviour and neuroendo syst
Eg attract mate mark territory alarms

Question 14

Parahs

Answer 14

H-like chem
Charact of true h but not prod by endo gland
Eg PG or histamine

Question 15

Prohs

Answer 15

Large peptide molecule can be processed or cleaved into 1 or more hs
Eg POMC

Question 16

GF

Answer 16

H-like
Prom growth of body and brain
Eg IGF, n GF, epidermal GF

Question 17

Cytokines

Answer 17

H-like
Released from lymphocytes, macrophages and other imm syst cells
Reg imm syst or neuroendo syst eg IF or IL

Question 18

Vitamins

Answer 18

Chems that reg metabolic g & dev

Eg a d k synthed in body with h like property

Question 19

Measuring hs

Answer 19

Half life
Circ in low quantity so req sensitive assays to be accurate.
Eg ELISA or radioimmunoassay

Question 20

General mechanism

Answer 20

Prod in response to internal or external stimuli and act in a regulatory fashion.
Rarely indep of each other and NS causing complex interaction
General facilitator effects exerted on several body tissues

Question 21

G&dev control

Answer 21

Sex steroids stim genitalia and 2o sex organ maturation

GH prod via IGF1 prod in liver cause pubertal bone and m growth

Question 22

Behaviour coord

Answer 22

Fight or flight by Na and adr

Sexual and maternal behav

Question 23

Int enviro maintenance

Answer 23

Control gluc electrolyte and h2o usage in body
Eg insulin and blood glu
Angiotensin cause vasocon Na retention and NaCl appetite

Question 24

H recs

Answer 24

Pro w/in or on plasma mem of target cell
Determine spec and action of h
Pattern of resp determined by rec distrib

Question 25

Ligand efficacy and potency

Answer 25

Several molecules may bind to one rec so change strength of activation Weak agonist decr effect of a strong one

Question 26

What changes rec affinity

Answer 26

Other ligands binding to other sites on molecule - allosteric Eg PG enhance GABA effect in brain

Question 27

Binding pro fx

Answer 27

Carrier pro binds h in plasma to decr risk of BD by liver or excr bg kid

Question 28

Diff binding pros

Answer 28

GC bound by corticosteroid bunding globulin Thyroid h by thyroxine BG Sex steroids by sex steroid binding pro Bound:free ratio key Total plasma h level may rise but free level stay same or decr

Question 29

Target tissue h metabolisation

Answer 29

Some metab to incr effect eg T4 to T Or to decr Eg T4 to reverse T3

Question 30

H action control (2 types)

Answer 30

Once released in circ directly influence cells prod (autocrine) to control further release eg insulin inhib release from pancr islet cells NA inhib NA release from symp n terminals Downstream result o action feedback and reg release eg insulin cause decr gluc level that inhib secr

Question 31

What factors effect h release

Answer 31

``` Bloodborne signals - h feedback Steroids - SS and GC Limbic inputs - emotional (stress) Olfactory inputs - pheromones Circadian influence - SCN in hypot Seasonal influence - melatonin and pineal Neural input - spinal nn and vagal ```