Intro

Question 1

gram + and gram - differ by their….

Answer 1

• cell wall structure
• • cell wall has thick peptidoglycan
• cell wall has thin peptidoglycan and is a unique outer membrane

Question 2

acid fast staining is used to detect….

Answer 2

mycobacterium (TB and leprosy)

Question 3

most common endospores?

Answer 3

• bacillus

- clostridium

Question 4

bacterial cell walls are made up of….

Answer 4

peptidoglycan (n-acetyl muramic acid and n-acetyl glucosamine which are gram negative) some also have teichoic acid which make it gram positive

Question 5

Gram - cell wall contains….

Answer 5

• lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)
• this signals immune system
• contains Lipid A and O antigen

Question 6

Small molecules and ions can cross gram - cell wall via….

Answer 6

porins

Question 7

What bacteria lack a cell wall?

Answer 7

• mycoplasma (variable shape, small organisms)

- PCN will not work bc pcn works on cell wall degradation

Question 8

amphitrichous
lophotrichous
peritrichous

Answer 8

• single polar flagella on opposite sites (2 on each side)
• multiple polar flagella on opposite sites
• flagella distributed over entire cell

Question 9

Pili that allow surface attachment are termed

Answer 9

fimbriae

Question 10

What are plasmids?

Answer 10

• circular, supercoiled dsDNA (extrachromosomal DNA)

- related to antibiotic resistance

Question 11

Chromosome forms the nucleoid, which is….

Answer 11

single circular double stranded DNA

Question 12

Cytoskeleton

Answer 12

-internal protein framework

Question 13

Storage granules

Answer 13

• accumulations of polymers

- glycogen, poly-B-hyrdroxybutyrate

Question 14

Gas vesicles

Answer 14

-controlled to provide buoyancy

Question 15

Main example of a metachromatic granule?

Answer 15

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Question 16

Shape of strep

Answer 16

chain

Question 17

shape of staph

Answer 17

grape like cluster

Question 18

cocci

Answer 18

round

Question 19

bacilli

Answer 19

rod

Question 20

how do bacteria divide?

Answer 20

binary fission

Question 21

Lag Phase
Log phase
stationary phase
death phase

Answer 21

• no growth occurs
• growth rate exceeds death rate, production of primary metabolites
• growth rate equals death rate
• death rate exceeds growth rate

Question 22

psychrophiles
mesophiles
thermophiles
halophilic

Answer 22

-5 to 15
25-45
45-70
salt loving

Question 23

aerobic
anaerobic
microaerophilic
facultative

Answer 23

• O2
• CO2
• requires low O2 concentrations
• both

Question 24

acidophiles vs

alkaliphiles

Answer 24

pH<5.5

pH>8.5

Question 25

icosahedral virus shape and examples

Answer 25

- made up of equilateral triangles | - polio, rhino, adeno

Question 26

capsid

Answer 26

protein layer that surrounds and protects nucleic acids made up of capsomeres

Question 27

enveloped virus structure and examples

Answer 27

- icosahedral or helical structure surround by a lipid bilayer - flu, hep C, HIV

Question 28

helical virus structure adn example

Answer 28

- has a capsid w/ a central cavity | - tbacco mosaic virus

Question 29

function of bacteriophage/phage

Answer 29

-virus that attacks bacteria and injects nucleic acids without going into the cell directly

Question 30

virion

Answer 30

- completely assembled, infection virus outside its host | - whole virus goes into the cell

Question 31

how are retroviruses replicated?

Answer 31

indirectly through a DNA intermediate using a reverse transcriptase enzyme (RNA to DNA)

Question 32

Neuraminidase cleaves ( ) from the cell surface

Answer 32

sialic acid, facilitating viral release from infected cell

Question 33

Hemagluttinin

Answer 33

molecule on virus surface that bonds with sialic acid

Question 34

H1/H2/H3 do what?

Answer 34

-find particular sugars in the respiratory tract

Question 35

What is antigenic drift?

Answer 35

- mechanism for variation in viruses - accumulation of mutations within genes that code for antibody binding site that were originally targeted against the present strain, making it easier for the virus to spread - results in new H/N