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Infectious Diseases > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

Prokaryotic (bacteria)

A

DO NOT contain DNA with a nuclear membrane; ribosome of 70S

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2
Q

Eukaryotic

A

DOES contain DNA with a nuclear membrane, ribosome of 80S

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3
Q

Virus

A

DO NOT contain ribosomes or replicate by binary fission; outer surface composed of protein capsid and lipoprotein envelope

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4
Q

Bacteria

A

DO contain ribosomes (70S) and replicate by binary fission; outer surface composed of rigid wall containing peptidoglycan

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5
Q

Fungi

A

DO contain ribosomes (80S), replicate by budding or mitosis; outer surface composed of rigid wall containing chitin

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6
Q

Parasite/Protozoa

A

DO contain ribosomes (70S), replicate by mitosis; outer surface composed of a flexible membrane

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7
Q

Gram-positive membrane

A

Peptidoglycan is thick, multilayered, and contains teichoic acids; stains BLUE/PURPLE

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8
Q

Gram-negative membrane

A

Peptidoglycan is thin, single layered, and contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxin); stains RED/PINK

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9
Q

Flagella

A

Long tails that function in locomotion and CHEMOTAXIS

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10
Q

Pili

A

Short, nonmotile, function as sex pili (REPLICATION) or adherence factors (ADHESINS); Neisseria gonorrhoeae in cervical or buccal cells, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni in intestinal epithelium, Bordetella pertussis in respiratory cells

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11
Q

Capsules

A

Usually composed of simple sugars residues EXCEPT for Bacillus anthracis which is composed of amino acid residues

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12
Q

Endospores

A

Dormant and resistant to heat, cold, dry, chemicals; two gram+ bacteria - Bacillus and Clostridium

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13
Q

Biofilm

A

Allows bacteria to bind to prosthetic devices and protects them from antibiotics or the immune response

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14
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Legionella, Mycobacterium, Brucella, Bordetella, Bacillus cereus, Nocardia

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15
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Clostridium, Bacteroides

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16
Q

Normal Flora of Gastrointestinal Tract

A

Colon - greatest and most diverse amount of normal flora

Example:
Bacteriodes fragilis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis

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17
Q

Normal Flora of Skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus -MAINLY IN NOSTRILS

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18
Q

Normal Flora of Throat

A

Virdans streptococci

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19
Q

Normal Flora of Vagina

A

Lactobacilli

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20
Q

Normal Flora of Urethra

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis;

Most common cause of acute cystitis in patient’s >35y/o is E. coli from the large intestine

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21
Q

Pathogen

A

Any microorganism with the capacity to cause disease

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22
Q

Opportunistic Infections

A

Cause disease in immunocompromised individuals

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23
Q

Virulence

A

Number of cells needed to elicit disease

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24
Q

LD50

A

Number of cells needed to kill 50% of hosts

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25
ID50
Number of cells needed to infect 50% of hosts
26
Parasite
Bacteria-host relationship where bacteria is detrimental to host
27
Communicable
Diseases that are able to spread from host to host
28
Endemic
Disease that is naturally found in a region in low levels and infects only a certain number of people on average per year
29
Epidemic
Infection occurring in increased numbers above normal incidence
30
Pandemic
Worldwide distribution of an infection
31
Subclinical State
Infection with no symptoms, only detectable by serology or culture growth
32
Latent State
Period of infection inactivity after initial symptoms, then reactivates with recurrence of symptoms (i.e. Syphilis)
33
Chronic Carrier State
No symptoms but bacteria replicating in host (i.e. Typhoid Mary)
34
Fomite
Inanimate object that serves as a source of microorganisms
35
Vertical Transmission
Mother to baby through placenta, birth canal, or breastmilk
36
Horizontal Transmission
Person to person
37
Portal of Entry
Means of disease entry into the host; four main = respiratory, GI, GU, and skin
38
Reservoir
The originating source of the infection
39
Vector
The mode of transmission from the reservoir to the host
40
Zoonoses
Diseases where animal is reservoir
41
Adherence to Cell Surface
Pili of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli allow for attachment in GU tract
42
Exotoxins
MOST of the major gram+ bacteria create and release these highly toxic substances
43
Neurotoxins
Cause paralysis by acting on nerves or motor endplates Example: Tetanus toxin, Botulism toxin
44
Enterotoxins
Cause diarrhea by acting on GI tract Example: V. cholera, E. coli
45
Pyogenic Exotoxins
Cause pus, rash, fever, toxic shock syndrome Example: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
46
Enodtoxins
Lipid A (piece of outer membrane LPS of gram- bacteria) is very toxic and is released when the cell undergoes lysis by macrophages All produce generalized effects of fever and shock; Antibiotic lysis can worsen condition
47
Sepsis AKA Endotoxic Shock
Number one cause of death in ICU; high mortality rate up to 40% plus 15-20% per organ system failure
48
Incubation Period
Time from disease entry into host and onset of symptoms
49
Prodrome Period
Occurrence of non-specific symptoms (i.e. fever, nausea, malaise)
50
Specific Disease Period
Overt characteristic manifestations of the disease
51
Gram+ Cocci Clusters
Staphylococcus
52
Gram+ Cocci Strips
Streptococcus
53
Gram+ Spore-Forming Rods
Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, Clostridium
54
Gram+ Non-Spore-Forming Rods
Corynebacterium diphtheria, Listeria monocytogenes, Gardnerella vaginalis
55
Gram- Diplococci
Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae
56
Gram- Rods
LOTS and none are highlighted in ppt... Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneuoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Shigella, Camylobacter jejuni
57
Spirochetes
Small gram- requires special darkfield microscope to visualize slender and tightly coiled structure Example: Syphilis
58
Standard Precautions AKA Universal Precautions
Hand hygiene, cough etiquette, safe injection practices, proper disposal of sharps, use of PPE
59
Transmission-Based Precautions
Supplement standard precautions
60
Sterilization
Killing or removing ALL microorganisms, including spores
61
Disinfection
Killing of many, BUT NOT ALL, microorganisms
62
Antiseptics
Chemicals used to kill microorganisms on the surface of skin and mucous membranes
63
Alcohol
Disrupts cell membrane; 70% more effective than 100%
64
Detergents
Disrupts cell membrane; | Benzalkonium chloride wipes used before urine sample
65
Phenols
Disrupts cell membrane; | Chlorhexidine chlorinated phenol used as surgical hand scrub - USE WITH PATIENTS WITH IODINE ALLERGIES
66
Chlorine
Modification of proteins; used to purify water
67
Iodine
Modification of proteins; MOST EFFECTIVE SKIN ANTISEPTIC
68
Heavy Metals
Modification of proteins; Silver Nitrate - drops used to prevent gonococcal neonatal conjunctivitis Silver Sulfadiazine - used in preventing infection in burns
69
Hydrogen Peroxide
Modification of proteins; | Limited by organism's ability to produce catalase, enzyme that degrades H2O2 (bubbling effect)
70
Formaldehyde
Modification of proteins; | Dangerous
71
Glutaraldehyde
Modification of proteins; | 10x safe and more effective than formaldehyde, USED TO STERILIZE EQUIPMENT
72
Ethylene Oxide
Modification of proteins; | USED FOR STERILIZATION OF HEAT-SENSITIVE MATERIALS, CLASSIFIED AS MUTAGEN AND CARCINOGEN
73
Autoclaving
MOST COMMON METHOD OF STERILIZATION; uses steam at high pressure and temperature and only requires short amount of time
74
UV Light Radiation
Inhibits DNA replication and kills airborne organisms
75
X-ray Radiation
Breaks down covalent bonds in DNA, killing the microbe; used to sterilize heat sensitive items
76
Filtration
Used to sterilize solutions
77
Parvoviridae
DNA virus that is naked, single stranded, and icosahedral
78
Latent Period
Time from onset of infection to appearance of virus extracellularly
79
Viral Replication Steps (6)
1. ATTACHMENT - virus becomes attached to target epithelial cell 2. PENETRATION - cell engulfs virus by endocytosis 3. UNCOATING - viral contents are released 4. BIOSYNTHESIS - viral RNA enters the nucleus where it is replicated by viral RNA polymerase 5. ASSEMBLY - new phage particles are assembled 6. RELEASE - new viral particles are made and released into the extracellular fluid and cell continues to make new viruses
80
Viral Replication Middle Events
First step in viral gene expression is mRNA synthesis. DNA replicates in the nucleus EXCEPT poxviruses which replicates in the cytoplasm. DNA is double stranded EXCEPT parvoviruses which are single stranded
81
Direct Animal-to-Human Transmission
Via bite (i.e. rabies)
82
Indirect Animal-to-Human Transmission
Via bite (i.e. mosquito-borne encephalitis)
83
Yeast
Unicellular growth, spherical or ellipsoidal, reproduce by budding
84
Hyphae
Threadlike, branching, cylindrical, tubules, grow by extending in length
85
Molds (AKA mycelia)
Multicellular colonies composed of clumps of intertwining branching, grow lengthwise and produce spores
86
Spores
Reproducing bodies of molds
87
Dimorphic
Grow as yeast or mold depending on environmental factors
88
Saprophytes
Live in and use organic matter (soil, rotten vegetation) as energy source (i.e. mushrooms)
89
Amanita muschrooms
Produces five toxins (amanitin and phallodin) that are extremely hepatotoxic
90
Ergotism
Caused by Claviceps purpurea, infects grains, produces ergotamine and LSD which have potent cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric effects, respectively
91
Aflatoxins
Coumarin derivatives produced by Aspergillus flavus and causes liver toxicity and tumor formation
92
Allergies
Commonly occur with exposure to Aspergillus spores due to immediate hypersensitivity response, causes bronchoconstriction, eosinophilia, and hives
93
Protozoa
Single celled parasites Example: Giardia lamblia
94
Metazoa
Multicellular parasite
95
Helminths
Parasitic worms
96
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
97
Cestoda
Tapeworms Example: Taenia solium causes cysticerosis
98
Trematoda
Flukes Example: Schistosoma mansoni causes schistosomiasis
99
Nemathelminthes
Roundworms Example: Nematodes
100
Trophozoite
Motile, feeding, reproducing form surrounded by flexible membrane
101
Cyst
Nonmotile, nonmetabolizing, nonreproducing form surrounded by thick wall
102
Promastigotes OR Trypomatigotes
Flagellated forms of protozoa
103
Amastigotes
Non-flagellated forms of protozoa
104
Mosquito
Blood protozoa, Plasmodium = Malaria
105
Ruduviid Bug
Blood protozoa, Trypanosoma cruzi = Chagas' Desease
106
Tsetse Fly
Blood protozoa, Trypanosoma brucei = African Sleeping Sickness
107
Sandfly
Blood protozoa, Leishmania donovani = visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar
108
Ova and Parasites
Stool culture that evaluates eggs and larval/adult forms, respectively
109
Eosinophilia
Elevated on CBC with several helminth infections

Infectious Diseases (1 decks)

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