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Infectious Diseases > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic (bacteria)

A

DO NOT contain DNA with a nuclear membrane; ribosome of 70S

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2
Q

Eukaryotic

A

DOES contain DNA with a nuclear membrane, ribosome of 80S

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3
Q

Virus

A

DO NOT contain ribosomes or replicate by binary fission; outer surface composed of protein capsid and lipoprotein envelope

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4
Q

Bacteria

A

DO contain ribosomes (70S) and replicate by binary fission; outer surface composed of rigid wall containing peptidoglycan

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5
Q

Fungi

A

DO contain ribosomes (80S), replicate by budding or mitosis; outer surface composed of rigid wall containing chitin

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6
Q

Parasite/Protozoa

A

DO contain ribosomes (70S), replicate by mitosis; outer surface composed of a flexible membrane

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7
Q

Gram-positive membrane

A

Peptidoglycan is thick, multilayered, and contains teichoic acids; stains BLUE/PURPLE

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8
Q

Gram-negative membrane

A

Peptidoglycan is thin, single layered, and contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxin); stains RED/PINK

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9
Q

Flagella

A

Long tails that function in locomotion and CHEMOTAXIS

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10
Q

Pili

A

Short, nonmotile, function as sex pili (REPLICATION) or adherence factors (ADHESINS); Neisseria gonorrhoeae in cervical or buccal cells, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni in intestinal epithelium, Bordetella pertussis in respiratory cells

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11
Q

Capsules

A

Usually composed of simple sugars residues EXCEPT for Bacillus anthracis which is composed of amino acid residues

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12
Q

Endospores

A

Dormant and resistant to heat, cold, dry, chemicals; two gram+ bacteria - Bacillus and Clostridium

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13
Q

Biofilm

A

Allows bacteria to bind to prosthetic devices and protects them from antibiotics or the immune response

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14
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Legionella, Mycobacterium, Brucella, Bordetella, Bacillus cereus, Nocardia

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15
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Clostridium, Bacteroides

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16
Q

Normal Flora of Gastrointestinal Tract

A

Colon - greatest and most diverse amount of normal flora

Example:
Bacteriodes fragilis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis

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17
Q

Normal Flora of Skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus -MAINLY IN NOSTRILS

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18
Q

Normal Flora of Throat

A

Virdans streptococci

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19
Q

Normal Flora of Vagina

A

Lactobacilli

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20
Q

Normal Flora of Urethra

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis;

Most common cause of acute cystitis in patient’s >35y/o is E. coli from the large intestine

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21
Q

Pathogen

A

Any microorganism with the capacity to cause disease

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22
Q

Opportunistic Infections

A

Cause disease in immunocompromised individuals

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23
Q

Virulence

A

Number of cells needed to elicit disease

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24
Q

LD50

A

Number of cells needed to kill 50% of hosts

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25
Q

ID50

A

Number of cells needed to infect 50% of hosts

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26
Q

Parasite

A

Bacteria-host relationship where bacteria is detrimental to host

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27
Q

Communicable

A

Diseases that are able to spread from host to host

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28
Q

Endemic

A

Disease that is naturally found in a region in low levels and infects only a certain number of people on average per year

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29
Q

Epidemic

A

Infection occurring in increased numbers above normal incidence

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30
Q

Pandemic

A

Worldwide distribution of an infection

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31
Q

Subclinical State

A

Infection with no symptoms, only detectable by serology or culture growth

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32
Q

Latent State

A

Period of infection inactivity after initial symptoms, then reactivates with recurrence of symptoms (i.e. Syphilis)

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33
Q

Chronic Carrier State

A

No symptoms but bacteria replicating in host (i.e. Typhoid Mary)

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34
Q

Fomite

A

Inanimate object that serves as a source of microorganisms

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35
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

Mother to baby through placenta, birth canal, or breastmilk

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36
Q

Horizontal Transmission

A

Person to person

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37
Q

Portal of Entry

A

Means of disease entry into the host; four main = respiratory, GI, GU, and skin

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38
Q

Reservoir

A

The originating source of the infection

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39
Q

Vector

A

The mode of transmission from the reservoir to the host

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40
Q

Zoonoses

A

Diseases where animal is reservoir

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41
Q

Adherence to Cell Surface

A

Pili of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli allow for attachment in GU tract

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42
Q

Exotoxins

A

MOST of the major gram+ bacteria create and release these highly toxic substances

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43
Q

Neurotoxins

A

Cause paralysis by acting on nerves or motor endplates

Example: Tetanus toxin, Botulism toxin

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44
Q

Enterotoxins

A

Cause diarrhea by acting on GI tract

Example: V. cholera, E. coli

45
Q

Pyogenic Exotoxins

A

Cause pus, rash, fever, toxic shock syndrome

Example: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus

46
Q

Enodtoxins

A

Lipid A (piece of outer membrane LPS of gram- bacteria) is very toxic and is released when the cell undergoes lysis by macrophages

All produce generalized effects of fever and shock; Antibiotic lysis can worsen condition

47
Q

Sepsis AKA Endotoxic Shock

A

Number one cause of death in ICU; high mortality rate up to 40% plus 15-20% per organ system failure

48
Q

Incubation Period

A

Time from disease entry into host and onset of symptoms

49
Q

Prodrome Period

A

Occurrence of non-specific symptoms (i.e. fever, nausea, malaise)

50
Q

Specific Disease Period

A

Overt characteristic manifestations of the disease

51
Q

Gram+ Cocci Clusters

A

Staphylococcus

52
Q

Gram+ Cocci Strips

A

Streptococcus

53
Q

Gram+ Spore-Forming Rods

A

Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, Clostridium

54
Q

Gram+ Non-Spore-Forming Rods

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria, Listeria monocytogenes, Gardnerella vaginalis

55
Q

Gram- Diplococci

A

Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae

56
Q

Gram- Rods

A

LOTS and none are highlighted in ppt…

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneuoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Shigella, Camylobacter jejuni

57
Q

Spirochetes

A

Small gram- requires special darkfield microscope to visualize slender and tightly coiled structure

Example: Syphilis

58
Q

Standard Precautions AKA Universal Precautions

A

Hand hygiene, cough etiquette, safe injection practices, proper disposal of sharps, use of PPE

59
Q

Transmission-Based Precautions

A

Supplement standard precautions

60
Q

Sterilization

A

Killing or removing ALL microorganisms, including spores

61
Q

Disinfection

A

Killing of many, BUT NOT ALL, microorganisms

62
Q

Antiseptics

A

Chemicals used to kill microorganisms on the surface of skin and mucous membranes

63
Q

Alcohol

A

Disrupts cell membrane; 70% more effective than 100%

64
Q

Detergents

A

Disrupts cell membrane;

Benzalkonium chloride wipes used before urine sample

65
Q

Phenols

A

Disrupts cell membrane;

Chlorhexidine chlorinated phenol used as surgical hand scrub - USE WITH PATIENTS WITH IODINE ALLERGIES

66
Q

Chlorine

A

Modification of proteins; used to purify water

67
Q

Iodine

A

Modification of proteins; MOST EFFECTIVE SKIN ANTISEPTIC

68
Q

Heavy Metals

A

Modification of proteins;
Silver Nitrate - drops used to prevent gonococcal neonatal conjunctivitis
Silver Sulfadiazine - used in preventing infection in burns

69
Q

Hydrogen Peroxide

A

Modification of proteins;

Limited by organism’s ability to produce catalase, enzyme that degrades H2O2 (bubbling effect)

70
Q

Formaldehyde

A

Modification of proteins;

Dangerous

71
Q

Glutaraldehyde

A

Modification of proteins;

10x safe and more effective than formaldehyde, USED TO STERILIZE EQUIPMENT

72
Q

Ethylene Oxide

A

Modification of proteins;

USED FOR STERILIZATION OF HEAT-SENSITIVE MATERIALS, CLASSIFIED AS MUTAGEN AND CARCINOGEN

73
Q

Autoclaving

A

MOST COMMON METHOD OF STERILIZATION; uses steam at high pressure and temperature and only requires short amount of time

74
Q

UV Light Radiation

A

Inhibits DNA replication and kills airborne organisms

75
Q

X-ray Radiation

A

Breaks down covalent bonds in DNA, killing the microbe; used to sterilize heat sensitive items

76
Q

Filtration

A

Used to sterilize solutions

77
Q

Parvoviridae

A

DNA virus that is naked, single stranded, and icosahedral

78
Q

Latent Period

A

Time from onset of infection to appearance of virus extracellularly

79
Q

Viral Replication Steps (6)

A
  1. ATTACHMENT - virus becomes attached to target epithelial cell
  2. PENETRATION - cell engulfs virus by endocytosis
  3. UNCOATING - viral contents are released
  4. BIOSYNTHESIS - viral RNA enters the nucleus where it is replicated by viral RNA polymerase
  5. ASSEMBLY - new phage particles are assembled
  6. RELEASE - new viral particles are made and released into the extracellular fluid and cell continues to make new viruses
80
Q

Viral Replication Middle Events

A

First step in viral gene expression is mRNA synthesis.

DNA replicates in the nucleus EXCEPT poxviruses which replicates in the cytoplasm.

DNA is double stranded EXCEPT parvoviruses which are single stranded

81
Q

Direct Animal-to-Human Transmission

A

Via bite (i.e. rabies)

82
Q

Indirect Animal-to-Human Transmission

A

Via bite (i.e. mosquito-borne encephalitis)

83
Q

Yeast

A

Unicellular growth, spherical or ellipsoidal, reproduce by budding

84
Q

Hyphae

A

Threadlike, branching, cylindrical, tubules, grow by extending in length

85
Q

Molds (AKA mycelia)

A

Multicellular colonies composed of clumps of intertwining branching, grow lengthwise and produce spores

86
Q

Spores

A

Reproducing bodies of molds

87
Q

Dimorphic

A

Grow as yeast or mold depending on environmental factors

88
Q

Saprophytes

A

Live in and use organic matter (soil, rotten vegetation) as energy source (i.e. mushrooms)

89
Q

Amanita muschrooms

A

Produces five toxins (amanitin and phallodin) that are extremely hepatotoxic

90
Q

Ergotism

A

Caused by Claviceps purpurea, infects grains, produces ergotamine and LSD which have potent cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric effects, respectively

91
Q

Aflatoxins

A

Coumarin derivatives produced by Aspergillus flavus and causes liver toxicity and tumor formation

92
Q

Allergies

A

Commonly occur with exposure to Aspergillus spores due to immediate hypersensitivity response, causes bronchoconstriction, eosinophilia, and hives

93
Q

Protozoa

A

Single celled parasites

Example: Giardia lamblia

94
Q

Metazoa

A

Multicellular parasite

95
Q

Helminths

A

Parasitic worms

96
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms

97
Q

Cestoda

A

Tapeworms

Example: Taenia solium causes cysticerosis

98
Q

Trematoda

A

Flukes

Example: Schistosoma mansoni causes schistosomiasis

99
Q

Nemathelminthes

A

Roundworms

Example: Nematodes

100
Q

Trophozoite

A

Motile, feeding, reproducing form surrounded by flexible membrane

101
Q

Cyst

A

Nonmotile, nonmetabolizing, nonreproducing form surrounded by thick wall

102
Q

Promastigotes OR Trypomatigotes

A

Flagellated forms of protozoa

103
Q

Amastigotes

A

Non-flagellated forms of protozoa

104
Q

Mosquito

A

Blood protozoa, Plasmodium = Malaria

105
Q

Ruduviid Bug

A

Blood protozoa, Trypanosoma cruzi = Chagas’ Desease

106
Q

Tsetse Fly

A

Blood protozoa, Trypanosoma brucei = African Sleeping Sickness

107
Q

Sandfly

A

Blood protozoa, Leishmania donovani = visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar

108
Q

Ova and Parasites

A

Stool culture that evaluates eggs and larval/adult forms, respectively

109
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Elevated on CBC with several helminth infections

Infectious Diseases (1 decks)

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