Intro Flashcards
1
Q
plane that divides left and right
A
sagittal/medial plane
2
Q
front of body
A
anterior (ventral)
3
Q
back of body
A
posterior (dorsal)
4
Q
towards the head
A
superior (cranial)
5
Q
towards the feet
A
inferior (caudal)
6
Q
towards midline
A
medial
7
Q
away from midline
A
lateral
8
Q
closer to a reference
A
proximal
9
Q
further from reference
A
distal
10
Q
close to surface
A
superficial (external)
11
Q
further from surface
A
deep (internal)
12
Q
bending of a joint
A
flexion
13
Q
opposite of flexion
A
extension
14
Q
movement away from midline
A
abduction
15
Q
movement towards midline
A
adduction
16
Q
shoulder joint rotates 360°
A
circumduction
17
Q
movement of forearm that pivots hand to downward position
A
pronation
18
Q
movement of forearm that pivots hand into upward position
A
supination
19
Q
wrist abduction with respect to middle finger
A
radial deviation
20
Q
wrist adduction with respect to middle finger
A
ulnar deviation
21
Q
turn sole of foot inwards
A
inversion
22
Q
turn sole of foot outwards
A
eversion
23
Q
movement of ankle that brings foot into upward position (heel on floor)
A
dorsiflexion
24
Q
movement of ankle that brings foot into downward position (toes on floor)
A
plantarflexion
25
movement of scapula inwards along rib cage
retraction
26
movement of scapula away from vertebra along ribcage
protraction
27
pivoting of a body part
rotation
28
muscle in walls of hollow organs, vessels and respiratory pathways (functions in digestion, reproduction, circulation, and breathing)
smooth muscle (involuntary)
29
muscle that makes up the walls of the heart; creates pulsing action to circulate blood
cardiac muscle (involuntary)
30
muscle connected to bones; produces movement at joints
skeletal muscle
31
how many muscles are there
nearly 700
32
purposes of muscle
- motion
- posture
- protection
- thermogenesis
- vascular pump
33
purpose of parallel fibre direction
enables muscle to shorten equally and in same direction; maximizes ROM
34
plane that divides anterior and posterior sides
frontal plane
35
plane that divides superior and inferior sides
horizontal/transverse plane
36
parallel muscle shape with thick central belly and tapered ends
fusiform muscle shape
37
parallel muscle shape with fibre arrangements that surround an opening to form a sphincter (designed to contract/close passages or relax/open them)
circular muscle shape
38
parallel muscle shape that is broad at base, converging to a single point; fan shaped arrangements allow for diverse actions
triangular muscle shape
39
pennate muscle shape where fibres run obliquely from one side of central tendon; look like half of a feather
unipennate muscle shape
40
pennate muscle shape where fibres run obliquely along both sides of central tendon; look like full feather
bipennate
41
pennate muscle shape where muscle tendons with oblique muscle fibres are on both sides; produce the least amount of force
multipennate muscle shape
42
slanting fibre direction
oblique
43
straight fibre direction
rectus
44
properties that are used to name muscles
```
location
size
origin
fibre direction
insertion
shape
action
number of heads
```
45
the more proximal or less movable attachment
origin
46
the more distal or moveable attachment
insertion
47
the prime mover of a joint
agonist
48
opposes the agonist, relaxes to allow movement
antagonist
49
steadies the bones, fixes origin
fixator
50
assists in movement (initiated movement)
synergist
51
rigid system that moves on a fulcrum
lever
52
applied force and resistance on opposite sides of fulcrum; changes force transmission, speed and direction
first class lever
53
resistance between applied force and fulcrum; magnifies force at the cost of speed and distance
second class lever
54
applied force between fulcrum and resistance; increases speed and distance, but requires greater force
third class lever
55
how many bones in the body
206
56
bones shape that is longer than it is wide
long bones
57
compact bone with yellow marrow in centre that stores fat
diaphysis (shaft)
58
spongy bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone
epiphysis (bumpy ends)
59
cube shaped, mainly spongy bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone
short bones
60
specialized short bone formed within tendons
sesamoid bone (patella)
61
thin, flattened, curved bones developed by ossification of a fibrous network. thin layer of spongy bone (site of hematopoiesis) surrounded by compact bone
flat bone
62
unique shaped bones
irregular bones
63
small irregular bone found along sutures of cranium that tend to be symmetrical on both sides of skull and vary in size
wormian bones
64
any projection or bump
process
65
an extension of bone
ramus
66
shallow depression
fossa
67
narrow groove or depression
sulcus
68
rounded passageway for blood vessels and nerves
foramen
69
elongated cleft
fissure
70
passageway through a bone
canal
71
chamber with a bone (air filled cavities)
sinus or antrum
72
tiny passageway
meatus
73
a large rough projection
trochanter
74
relatively smaller rough projection
tuberoscity
75
small rounded projection
tubercle
76
prominent ridge
crest
77
low ridge
line
78
a pointed process
spine
79
articulations end of epiphysis and diaphysis
head
80
connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis
neck
81
smooth rounded or articular process
condyle
82
smooth grooved articular process like a pulley
trochlea
83
small flat articular surface
facet
