Intro and Basics

Question 1

What does ADME stand for?

Answer 1

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

Question 2

What are the 3 common drugs used to stop seizures?

Answer 2

Diazepam (benzodiazepine GABA agonist)
Phenobarbatol (barbitiate - GABA channel effects)
Methocarbamol (muscle relaxant)

Question 3

What drugs are used to combat CNS depression?

Answer 3

Analeptics (CNS stimulants)

Doxopram (respiration stimulant)

Question 4

What drugs can be used to control tachycardia?

Answer 4

Lidocane (slows conduction rate)

Propanolol (Beta blocker)

Question 5

What drugs control hypertension?

Answer 5

Nitroprusside (formation of NO to vasodilate)

Hydralazine (vasodilator)

Question 6

What drugs can be used to induce vomiting?

Answer 6

Apomorphine (don’t use in cats)

Xylazine (for cats)

Question 7

What toxicants contraindicate induction of emesis?

Answer 7

Gasoline, detergents, solvents

Question 8

What does not bind to activated charcoal?

Answer 8

Non-polar substances: acids, alkalis, alcohols, glycols, metals, oils, detergents

Question 9

What are good cathartics?

Answer 9

Sorbitol, mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, pumpkin, bran

Question 10

What are factors relating to the toxicant?

Answer 10

Structure, chemical carrier, adjuvants

Question 11

What are factors related to exposure?

Answer 11

Dose, route of entry, duration of exposure

Question 12

What are factors related to the subject?

Answer 12

Species, size, age, health status, signalment, gender

Question 13

What are factors related to the environment?

Answer 13

Temperature, pH, endemic bacteria/plants/insects

Question 14

What is bioactivation of a toxicant?

Answer 14

It is when a substance needs to be metabolized in order for it to become toxic.

Question 15

Within what time period is an exposure considered acute?

Answer 15

Within 24 hours

Question 16

Within what time period is an exposure considered subacute or subchronic?

Answer 16

Exposure over 7-90 days

Question 17

Within what time period is an exposure considered chronic?

Answer 17

Prolonged exposure from 6 months to a lifetime

Question 18

What are some examples of acute toxcicty?

Answer 18

Snake envenomation, ethylene glycol toxcicity, aspirin toxcicity

Question 19

What is an example of subacute/subchronic toxicities?

Answer 19

Exposure to lawn pesticides,

Question 20

What are examples of chronic toxicities?

Answer 20

Lead paint, heavy metal poisoning, arsenic in well water, asbestos, second hand smoke

Question 21

What 5 immediate life-threatening problems should you evaluate and treat first?

Answer 21

1. Heart rate/ Cardiac function
2. Respiratory function
3. Temperature
4. Seizures/Ataxia
5. Hemorrage

Question 22

What does “Ancillary Support” include?

Answer 22

Ensuring adequate urine output
Monitor respiratory, cardiac and neurological status
Manage clinical signs as they develop
Manage secondary hepatic or renal injury
Administer gastrointestinal protectants/anti-emetic

Question 23

What does symptomatic care include?

Answer 23

Maintenance of body temperature
Pain alleviation
Protection of mucosal membranes (Sucralfate, demulcents)

Question 24

What toxins increase anion gap?

Answer 24

Ethylene glycol
Ethanol
Iron
Methanol
Salicylates (aspirin)
Strychnine

Question 25

What common toxins are associated with CNS depression?

Answer 25

Organophosphates, Ivermectin, lead, ethylene glycol, blue-green algae, locoweed

Question 26

What toxins are associated with seizures?

Answer 26

Bromethalins, chocolate (contains theobromine and caffine), organophosphates, pyrethrins, strychnine, Sodium ion toxicosis, water hemlock

Question 27

What drugs are used to treat methemoglobin?

Answer 27

Ascorbic acid (Vit C antioxidant) and methylene blue