Intro and History Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
number of human cells in body
A
10 trillion
2
Q
number of microorganisms in body
A
100 trillion
3
Q
definition of Bacteriology
A
a course that covers the morphology and physiology of bacteria, rickettsiae and other atypical bacteria and their role in infection and immunity.
emphasis is on isolation, identification an susceptibility testing as an aid in lab diagnosis
4
Q
causes UTI
A
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
5
Q
causes pneumonia
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
6
Q
causes gonorrhea
A
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
7
Q
causes meningitis
A
Nesseria meningitidis
8
Q
causes tetanus
A
Clostridium tetani
9
Q
causes food poisoning
A
Clostridium perfringens
10
Q
causes anthrax, a biological weapon
A
Bacillus anthracis
11
Q
causes fried rice poisoning
A
Bacillus cereus
12
Q
causes diphtheria
A
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
13
Q
causes typhoid fever
A
Salmonella typhi
14
Q
causes typhus fever
A
Rickettsia prowazeki
15
Q
causes TB
A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
16
Q
causes leprosy
A
Mycobacterium leprae
17
Q
other name for leprosy patients
A
Hansenites
18
Q
causes syphilis
A
Treponema pallidum
19
Q
definition of Microbiology
A
branch of biology that deals with the study of the organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye
20
Q
unicellular organisms
A
bacteria
21
Q
photosynthetic eukaryotes
A
algae
22
Q
unicellular or multicellular organisms
A
fungi
23
Q
unicellular eukaryotes with special locomotory organelles
A
protozoa
24
Q
acellular parasites
A
viruses
25
Importance of studying microbiology
- To gain knowledge of the method of transfer of microorganisms from one person to another to prevent the occurrence and spread of disease
- To understand the importance of immunization processes and techniques to prevent diseases
- Useful in understanding the underlying principles of health procedures for maintenance of health and prevention of disease
- It makes medical and surgical procedures less dangerous because of the proper application of the principles of disinfection and sterilization
26
Chain of Infection
Infectious agent -> reservoir -> portal of exit -> mode of transmission -> portal of entry -> susceptible host
27
Types of Immunity
Natural
| Acquired
28
Types of Acquired Immunity
Naturally
| Artificially
29
Types of Acquired Natural and Artificially acquired immunity
Active
| Passive
30
Types of Natural Immunity
Anatomical barrier
Physiological barrier
Phagocytotic barrier
Inflammatory barrier
31
examples of anatomical barrier
skin
pubic hair
cilia
32
examples of physiological barrier
body fluids
saliva - lysozyme
vaginal secretion
33
ph of vagina
5.5 slightly acidic
34
normal flora of vagina
lactobacillus acidophilus
35
optimum ph for bacterial growth
7.2-7.6
36
condition where bacteria cannot divide
bacteriostatic
37
how bacteria reproduces
binary fission
38
examples of phagocytic barrier
macrophages/monocytes
| neutrophils
39
5 Cardinal signs of inflammation
```
pain
heat
swelling
redness
loss of function
```
40
Phases of History of MIcrobiology
```
The First Observations
The Spontaneous Generation
The Golden Age of Microbiology
The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
Modern Developments in Microbiology
```
41
date Robert Hooke formulated Cell theory
1665
42
nationality of Hooke
English
43
Hooke reported "________" or cells from cork using his crude microscope
little boxes
44
date Leeuwenhoek observed living organisms called animalcules using single lens microscope
1673-1723
45
nationality of Leeuwenhoek
Dutch
46
samples where animalcules were observed
rainwater
liquids
teeth scrapings
RBC
47
number of microscopes Leeuwenhoek constructed
400
48
life forms spontaneously from nonliving matter
spontaneous generation
49
toad, snakes, mice borne from
moist soil
50
flies emerge from
manure
51
maggots from
decaying corpses
52
Opposers of Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi
| Lazzaro Spallanzani
53
Believers of Spontaneous Generation
John Needham
| Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
54
Performed a series of experiments involving closed, open and gauze jar
Francesco Redi
55
criticized Neeham due to the presence of bacteria after cooling
Lazzaro Spallanzani
56
Heated chicken and corn broth and still found microorganisms growing after cooling
John Needham
57
Criticized that vital force and oxygen is necessary for life and was not present in closed jar at Redi
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
58
according to Needham contains vital force
air
59
liv- ing cells arise only from preexisting living cells.
Biogenesis
60
formulated biogenesis
Rudolf Virchow
61
demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself does not create microbes.
used short necked flasks
used S-shaped flasks
Louis Pasteur
62
The period of Golden Age of Microbiology
1857-1914
63
60 years after work of Pasteur
Golden Age of Microbiology
64
Discoveries in Golden Age
```
Agents of Diseases
Role of Immunity and Vaccination
Chemical Activities of Microorganism
Techniques in Microscopy and culture
Fermentation
Pasteurization
The Germ Theory of Disease
Koch's Postulates
```
65
Pasteur found instead that microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air.
fermentation
66
Pasteur’s solution to the spoilage problem was to heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that caused the spoilage.
pasteurization
67
Performed surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol. Proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections.
Joseph Lister
68
possibility that microorganisms might have similar relationships with plants and animals—specifically, that microorganisms might cause disease
Germ theory of Disease
69
types of pasteurization
Ultra High Temperature
Low Temperature Holding
High Temperature Short TIme
70
had demon- strated that physicians, who at the time did not disinfect their hands, routinely transmitted infections
Ignaz Semmelweis
71
had proved that another silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.
Agostino Bassi
72
found that the more recent silkworm infection was caused by a protozoan
Pasteur
73
discovered that Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax
Robert Koch
74
a sequence of ex- perimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease
Koch's postulates
75
Koch's Postulates
1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy susceptible lab animal
4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must show to be the original organism.
76
a British physician who inoculated cowpox as smallpox vaccination
Edward Jenner
77
treatment of infectious and non-infectious disease using chemical substance
chemotherapy
78
Chemotherapeutic agents
Antibiotics
| Synthetic drugs
79
chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms
antibiotics
80
prepared from chemicals from the lab
synthetic drugs
81
the magic bullet
| treatment for syphilis
salvarsan
82
found treatment for syphilis
Paul Erhlich
83
nationality of Paul Erhlich
German physician
84
used to treat malaria by Spanish conquistadors prior to the discovery of Salvarsan
quinine
85
the fortunate accidental antibiotic
| first antibiotic produced by fungus
penicillin
86
name of mold
Penicillium chrysogenum
