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intro and oceanography Flashcards

1
Q

3 main pillars of marine biology

A
  1. functional biology
  2. ecology
  3. biodiversity
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2
Q

functional biology

A

how organism carries out basic functions (eg. reproduction)

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3
Q

ecology

A

how organisms interact with their env

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4
Q

biodiversity

A

variety of species

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5
Q

what 4 factors determine the density of seawater?

A
  • TEMP
  • SALINITY
  • depth
  • pressure
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6
Q

hypsographic curve

A

comparing land and oceans

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7
Q

ring of fire

A

string of volcanoes

-> seismic activity and earthquakes all caused by PLATE TECTONICS

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8
Q

pacific plate

A
  • huge
  • its fringes interact with smaller plates around it -> causing activity
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9
Q

Mariana Trench

A

in NW pacific - deepest trench in world

CONVERGENT boundary -> pacific plate faster than philippine plate

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10
Q

isostasy

A

rising / settling of bit of Earth’s lithosphere

-> where gravity & buoyancy act on earth’s outer layers to bring them closer together

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11
Q

bathymetry

A

mapping ocean floor

-> measurement of ocean depths & charting of shape of ocean floor

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12
Q

3 regions of ocean floor

A

continental shelf - shallow

mid-atlantic ridge

abyssal region - v v deep

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13
Q

describe how and who created the first bathymetric contour map of the world’s oceans

A

HMS challenger in 1872 for 4 yrs

-> covered 127,600km

-> 1st voyage to record scale of Mariana Trench

-> 4,700 new species of marine life discovered

-> collected DEPTH MEASUREMENTS and “SOUNDED” THE SEA FLOOR using variety of sounding devices

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14
Q

ocean ridges

A

occupy 33% of oceanic floor and always spreading

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15
Q

4 principal oceans (plus 1)

A
  • pacific
  • atlantic
  • indian
  • arctic
  • (southern)
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16
Q

abyssal plains

A
  • gradients < 0.05°
  • flattest ocean feature -> only interrupted by seamounts
  • covered in deep layers of sediment
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17
Q

sea mounts

A

-> most are ocean-floor volcanoes that don’t rise above sea level

-> rise abruptly and usually found rising from seafloor to 1,000–4,000 m in height

eg. Mauno Loa sea mount -> as high as mount Everest

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18
Q

guyots

A

flat topped seamounts -> planed off by wave erosion

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19
Q

hydrological cycle

A

cycle of water through atm, water and earth

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20
Q

residency time of water in atm (clouds)?

A

6.9 days

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21
Q

residency time of water in ocean

22
Q

how long does water spend in lakes

23
Q

residency time of water in earth / underground?

24
Q

how is cod shape useful to function?

A

v hydrodynamic

so used in ship design

25
how are aquatic animals adapted to sea water
saltwater (in sea) has **HIGHER VISCOSITY** than fresh water -> so has driven morphological evolution in all marine life so they are adapted to it -> speed in sea water requires morphology that ... **↑ laminar flow** through a fairly viscous and dense liquid
26
**THE CORIOLOS EFFECT
- earth’s **rotation** causes **deflection** in **surface current direction** (Coriolis effect)... - which **affects water flow** on many geographic scales.
27
gyres
large system of **rotating ocean currents**
28
how are oceans split into zones?
zones defined by **depth & proximity to continents**
29
**lithosphere**
earths crust
30
oceanic crust vs continental crust
oceanic crust much **thinner**
31
divergent plate boundary
- drifting away from each other - constructive -> oceanic lithosphere created from magma below - volcanoes
32
transform plate boundary
- lateral sliding (rubbing in opp directions against each other) - conservative -> oceanic lithosphere neither created nor destroyed - NO VOLCANOES
33
convergent plate boundary
- subduction -> one plate moves under other -> MAKES TRENCH - destructive -> oceanic lithosphere destroyed - volcanoes
34
mid-atlantic ridge
divergent plate boundary
35
why are zones in ocean useful?
easier to consider distributions of life in those oceans
36
why do marine biologists study oceanography?
use satellites to generate chlorophyll map to analyze phytoplankton distribution - e.g. MODIS
37
zones of ocean temp
- surface zone / **mixed layer** - **thermocline** -> rapid **↓ in temp** as surface heat diffuses down and advection of cool water - **deep zone** (below 1000m) -> stable temp ~1℃
38
mixed layer
layer where there is active turbulence and mixing of oceanic waters ... due to ... - winds - heat fluxes - evaporation - salinity fluxes
39
thermocline
**transition layer** between warmer mixed water at surface & cooler deep water below
40
halocline
- **vertical zone** in the oceanic water column... - where **SALINITY CHANGES RAPIDLY with depth** - located **below well-mixed**, uniformly saline surface water layer
41
pycnocline
**boundary separating 2 liquid layers** of diff **densities**
42
stratification
- when 2 distinct layers occupy vertical water column in sea... - **near-surface** one = **less dense** than near-bed one
43
salinity
measure of dissolved salts in water
44
how is temp and salinity measured in ocean?
- CTD -> used to detect how conductivity and temp of water changes relative to depth -> conductivity is measure of how well sol conducts electricity and is directly related to SALINITY for salinity: - niskin bottle water samples - electronic meter (measure conductivity)
45
ocean currents can be driven by 2 diff things....
- **wind** driven -> generally surface currents - **density** driven
46
Global Overturning Circulation
- influences climate by **transporting heat north in Atlantic** by supplying **warm water at Antarctic** margin... - ... & by controlling **exchange of carbon and nutrients **between **deep ocean & euphotic zone** where **p/s** occurs
47
littoral zone
part of ocean **close to shore**
48
**why** does **temp** vary with ocean **depth**?
- water gets **colder with depth** ... - ... cause cold, salty ocean water **sinks** to bottom of ocean basins **below less dense warmer water** near surface
49
constraints on biological production in ocean?
- light - nutrients
50
suggest why **tropical** oceans are **highly stratified**
surface layers separated from deep & quickly become **nutrient depleted**
51
how is **conductivity** related to salinity?
salinity = dissolved ions present (Na+ and Cl-) presence of **ions** = conductivity as **ions are mobile**

marine bio (11 decks)

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